Ether derivatives useful as inhibitors of pde4 isozymes

ABSTRACT

Compounds useful as inhibitors of PDE4 in the treatment of diseases regulated by the activation and degranulation of eosinophils, especially asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, of the formula:  
                 
wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification.

1.0 REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Reference is made to co-pending International application and USapplication based thereon, Serial No. PCT/IB98/00315, both filed Mar.10, 1998 (Attorney Docket No. PC9762A), and published as WO 98/45268 onOct. 15, 1998; claiming priority from application Ser. No. 60/043403filed Apr. 4, 1997 (Attorney Docket No. PC9762), now abandoned; whichdiscloses nicotinamide derivatives having biological activity asinhibitors of PDE4 isozymes, and thus being useful in the treatment ofinflammatory, respiratory and allergic diseases and conditions. Nothingthat is disclosed in the above-mentioned applications would teach theperson of ordinary skill in the pertinent art the novel compounds of thepresent invention or their unexpectedly high level of inhibitoryselectivity for PDE 4 isozymes.

Reference is also made to copending application Ser. No. 09/345,185filed Jun. 30, 1999 (Attorney Docket No. PC10096A); claiming priorityfrom application Ser. No. 60/105,120 filed Oct. 21, 1998 (AttorneyDocket No. PC10096), which discloses compounds and processes forpreparing N-substituted nicotinamide derivatives. However, the disclosedcompounds and processes are not the same as those of the presentinvention.

Reference is further made to copending applications filed of even datewith the instant application, Attorney Docket Nos. PC11712; PC11848;PC11893; PC11894; PC11895; and PC11897, which involve other classes ofnicotinamide derivatives useful as inhibitors of PDE4 isozymes. Thedisclosures of all of said copending applications are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) comprise a largeclass of enzymes divided into at least eleven different families whichare structurally, biochemically and pharmacologically distinct from oneanother. The enzymes within each family are commonly referred to asisoenzymes, or isozymes. A total of more than fifteen gene products isincluded within this class, and further diversity results fromdifferential splicing and post-translational processing of those geneproducts. The present invention relates to the four gene products of thefourth family of PDEs, i.e., PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, and PDE4D, and theirinhibition, including selective inhibition of PDE4D. These enzymes arecollectively referred to as being isoforms or subtypes of the PDE4isozyme family. Further below will be found a more detailed discussionof the genomic organization, molecular structure and enzymatic activity,differential splicing, transcriptional regulation and phosphorylation,distribution and expression, and selective inhibition of the PDE4isozyme subtypes.

The PDE4s are characterized by selective, high affinity hydrolyticdegradation of the second messenger cyclic nucleotide, adenosine3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and by sensitivity to inhibition byrolipram. A number of selective inhibitors of the PDE4s have beendiscovered in recent years, and beneficial pharmacological effectsresulting from that inhibition have been shown in a variety of diseasemodels. See, e.g., Torphy et al., Environ. Health Perspect. 102 Suppl.10, 79-84, 1994; Duplantier et al., J. Med. Chem. 39 120-125, 1996;Schneider et al, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50 211-217, 1995; Banner andPage, Br. J. Pharmacol. 114 93-98, 1995; Barnette et al., J. Pharmacol.Exp. Ther. 273 674-679, 1995; Wright et al. “Differential in vivo and invitro bronchorelaxant activities of CP-80633, a selectivephosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor,” Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 751001-1008, 1997; Manabe et al. “Anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatorproperties of KF19514, a phosphodiesterase 4 and 1 inhibitor,” Eur. J.Pharmacol 332 97-107, 1997; and Ukita et al. “Novel, potent, andselective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors as antiasthmatic agents:synthesis and biological activities of a series of 1-pyridylnaphthalenederivatives,” J. Med. Chem. 42 1088-1099, 1999. Accordingly, therecontinues to be considerable interest in the art with regard to thediscovery of further selective inhibitors of PDE4s.

The present invention is also concerned with the use of selective PDE4inhibitors for the improved therapeutic treatment of a number ofinflammatory, respiratory and allergic diseases and conditions, butespecially for the treatment of asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD) including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, andbronchiectasis; chronic rhinitis; and chronic sinusitis. Heretofore inthe art, however, the first-line therapy for treatment of asthma andother obstructive airway diseases has been the nonselective PDEinhibitor theophylline, as well as pentoxifylline and IBMX, which may berepresented by Formulas (0.0.1), (0.0.2), and (0.0.3), respectively:

Theophylline, which has the PDEs as one of its biochemical targets, inaddition to its well characterized bronchodilatory activity, affects thevasculature of patients with increased pulmonary artery pressure,suppresses inflammatory cell responses, and induces apoptosis ofeosinophils. Theophylline's adverse events, most commonly cardiacdysrhythmias and nausea, are also mediated by PDE inhibition, however,leading to the search for more selective inhibitors of PDEs that areable to suppress both immune cell functions in vitro and allergicpulmonary inflammation in vivo, while at the same time having improvedside-effect profiles. Within the airways of patients suffering fromasthma and other obstructive airway diseases, PDE4 is the most importantof the PDE isozymes as a target for drug discovery because of itsdistribution in airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells. SeveralPDE4 inhibitors introduced to the art thus far have been designed tohave an improved therapeutic index concerning the cardiovascular,gastrointestinal, and central nervous system side effects of theabove-mentioned nonselective xanthines.

Airflow obstruction and airway inflammation are features of asthma aswell as COPD. While bronchial asthma is predominantly characterized byan eosinophilic inflammation, neutrophils appear to play a major role inthe pathogenesis of COPb. Thus, PDEs that are involved in smooth musclerelaxation and are also found in eosinophils as well as neutrophilsprobably constitute an essential element of the progress of bothdiseases. The PDEs involved include PDE3s as well as PDE4s, andbronchodilating inhibitors have been discovered which are selective PDE3inhibitors and dual PDE3/4 selective inhibitors. Examples of these aremilrinone, a selective PDE3 inhibitor, as well as zardaverine andbenafentrine, both dual PDE3/4 selective inhibitors, which may berepresented by Formulas (0.0.4), (0.0.5), and (0.0.6), respectively:

However, benafentrine results in bronchodilation only when administeredby inhalation, and zardaverine produces only a modest and short-livedbronchodilation. Milrinone, a cardiotonic agent, induces short-livedbronchodilation and a slight degree of protection against inducedbronchoconstriction, but has marked adverse events, e.g., tachycardiaand hypotension. Unsatisfactory results have also been obtained with aweakly selective PDE4 inhibitor, tibenelast, and a selective PDE5inhibitor, zaprinast, which may be represented by Formulas (0.0.7) and(0.0.8):

More relative success has been obtained in the art with the discoveryand development of selective PDE4 inhibitors.

In vivo, PDE4 inhibitors reduce the influx of eosinophils to the lungsof allergen-challenged animals while also reducing thebronchoconstriction and elevated bronchial responsiveness occurringafter allergen challenge. PDE4 inhibitors also suppress the activity ofimmune cells, including CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes, monocytes, mast cells, andbasophils; reduce pulmonary edema; inhibit excitatory nonadrenergicnoncholinergic neurotransmission (eNANC); potentiate inhibitorynonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmission (iNANC); reduce airwaysmooth muscle mitogenesis; and induce bronchodilation. PDE4 inhibitorsalso suppress the activity of a number of inflammatory cells associatedwith the pathophysiology of COPD, including monocytes/macrophages, CD8⁺T-lymphocytes, and neutrophils. PDE4 inhibitors also reduce vascularsmooth muscle mitogenesis and, and potentially interfere with theability of airway epithelial cells to generate pro-inflammatorymediators. Through the release of neutral proteases and acid hydrolasesfrom their granules, and the generation of reactive oxygen species,neutrophils contribute to the tissue destruction associated with chronicinflammation, and are further implicated in the pathology of conditionssuch as emphysema.

Selective PDE4 inhibitors which have been discovered thus far thatprovide therapeutic advantages include SB-207,499, identified asARIFLO®, which may be represented by Formula (0.1.9):

SB-207,499, administered orally at dosages of 5, 10, and 15 mg b.i.d.,has produced significant increases in trough FEV₁ (forced expiratoryvolume in 1 second) from placebo at week 2 of a study involving a largenumber of patients. Another potent, selective PDE4 inhibitor, CDP840,has shown suppression of late reactions to inhaled allergen after 9.5days of oral administration at doses of 15 and 30 mg in a group ofpatients with bronchial asthma. CDP840 may be represented by Formula(0.0.9):

PDEs have also been investigated as potential therapy for obstructivelung disease, including COPD. In a large study of SB-207,499 in patientswith COPD, the group of patients receiving 15 mg b.id. has experienced aprogressive improvement in trough FEV₁, reaching a maximum meandifference compared with placebo of 160 mL at week 6, which representsan 11% improvement. See Compton et al., “The efficacy of Ariflo(SB207499), a second generation, oral PDE4 inhibitor, in patients withCOPD,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159, 1999. Patients with severeCOPD have been observed to have pulmonary hypertension, and decreases inmean pulmonary artery pressure under clinical conditions have beenachieved by oral administration of the selective PDE3 inhibitorsmilrinone and enoximone. Enoximone has also been shown to reduce airwayresistance in patients hospitalized with decompensated COPD. See Leemanet al., Chest 91 662-6, 1987. Using selective PDE3 inhibition bymotapizone and selective PDE5 inhibition by zaprinast, it has been shownthat combined inhibition of PDE 3 and 5 exerts a relaxation of pulmonaryartery rings which corresponds broadly to the pattern of PDE isozymesfound in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle. See Rabe et al., Am. J.Physiol 266 (LCMP 10): L536-L543, 1994. The structures of milrinone andzaprinast are shown above as Formulas (0.0.4) and (0.0.8), respectively.The structures of enoximone and motapizone may be represented byFormulas (0.0.10) and (0.0.11), respectively:

The effects of PDE4 inhibitors on various inflammatory cell responsescan be used as a basis for profiling and selecting inhibitors forfurther study. These effects include elevation of cAMP and inhibition ofsuperoxide production, degranulation, chemotaxis, and tumor necrosisfactor alpha (TNFα) release in eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes.PDE4 inhibitors may induce emesis, ie., nausea and vomiting, which, asexpected, is an adverse effect. The emesis adverse effect becameapparent when PDE4 inhibitors were first investigated for CNSindications such as depression, when rolipram and denbufylline were usedin clinical trials. Rolipram and denbufylline may be represented byFormulas (0.0.12) and (0.0.13), respectively:

The mechanism(s) by which PDE4 inhibitors may potentially induce emesisis/are uncertain, but a study of the PDE4 inhibitor Ro-20-1724 suggeststhat nausea and vomiting are at least partially mediated by the emesiscenters in the brain. Gastrointestinal adverse events may be caused bylocal effects, e.g., rolipram is a very potent stimulator of acidsecretion from gastric parietal cells, and the resulting excess acid, byproducing local irritation, may exacerbate gastrointestinaldisturbances. Ro-20-1724 may be represented by Formula (0.0.14):

Efforts to minimize or eliminate the above-mentioned adverse eventssometimes associated with PDE4 inhibitors have included creatinginhibitors which do not penetrate the central nervous system, andadministering PDE4 inhibitors by inhalation rather than orally.

With regard to the PDE4 subtypes, A, B, C, and D, it has been found thatPDE4C is usually less sensitive to all inhibitors; whereas, with respectto the subtypes A, B, and D, there is as yet no clear evidence ofinhibitor specificity, which is defined as a 10-fold difference in IC₅₀values. While most inhibitors, especially RS-25,344, are more potentagainst PDE4D, this does not amount to selectivity. RS-25,344 may berepresented by Formula (0.0.15):

On the other hand, there is a stereoselective effect on the elevation ofcAMP in a range of cell types, which has been demonstrated with theresults of an investigation of CDP840, shown above as Formula (0.0.9),and its less active enantiomer CT-1731, which is represented by Formula(0.0.16):

It has been known for some time that rolipram had the ability tointeract with a high-affinity binding site on brain membranes, and itwas later established in the art that this high-affinity roliprambinding site (S_(r)), which is distinct from the catalytic site (S_(c)),exists in a truncated recombinant PDE4A and a full-length recombinantPDE4B. More recently, S_(r) has been identified on all four PDE4subtypes. See Hughes et al., Drug Discovery Today 2(3) 89-101, 1997. Thepresence of Sr appears to have a profound effect on the ability ofcertain inhibitors such as rolipram and RS-25,344 to inhibit thecatalytic activity of PDE4 isozymes.

The impact of residues on inhibitor binding is also significant. Asingle amino acid substitution (alanine for aspartate) in the catalyticregion of PDE4B has been shown to be critical for inhibition byrolipram, and this appears to be a class effect because relatedinhibitors RP-73,401 and Ro-20-1724 also lose potency on the mutantenzyme. However, the role of binding of inhibitors to the S_(c) or tothe S_(r), in terms of elevation of cAMP and inhibition of cellresponses, is not fully understood at the present time.

RP-73,401, in guinea-pig studies, has been found to be active in (1) theinhibition of antigen-induced lung eosinophilia and eosinophilperoxidase (EPO), Banner, K. H., “The effect of selectivephosphodiesterase inhibitors in comparison with other anti-asthma drugson allergen-induced eosinophilia in guinea-pig airways,” Pulm.Pharmacol. 8 37-42, 1995; (2) antigen-induced bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) eosinophilia, Raeburn et al., “Anti-inflammatory andbronchodilator properties of RP73401, a novel and selectivephosphodiesterase Type IV inhibitor,” Br. J. Pharmacol 113 1423-1431,1994; (3) antigen-induced airway eosinophilia and platelet activatingfactor- (PAF)- and ozone-induced airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR),Karlsson et al., “Anti-inflammatory effects of the novelphosphodiesterase IV inhibitor RP73401,” Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 107425-426, 1995; and (4) IL-5 induced pleural eosinophila. Development ofRP-73,401, piclamilast, has been discontinued. Piclamilast may berepresented by Formula (0.0.17):

A related series of compounds is represented by RPR-132294 andRPR-132703, which have been demonstrated in rat studies to have activityin the inhibition of antigen-induced bronchospasm; Escott et al,“Pharmacological profiling of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors andanalysis of the therapeutic ratio in rats and dogs,” Br. J. Pharmacol.123(Proc. Suppl.) 40P, 1998; and Thurairatnam et al., “Biologicalactivity and side effect profile of RPR-132294 and RPR-132703—novel PDE4inhibitors,” XV ^(th) EFMC Int. Symp. Med. Chem., 1998. The structure ofRPR-132294 may be represented by Formula (0.0.18):

Another compound whose development has been discontinued is WAY-PDA-641,filaminast, which in studies in the dog, has been found to be active inthe inhibition of seratonin-induced bronchoconstriction. Filaminast maybe represented by Formula (0.0.19):

It has been suggested in the art that PDE4 inhibitors that have a highaffinity at the S_(r) can be correlated with emesis and increasedgastric acid secretion. RS-23,544, RP-73,401, and CP-80,633 elicitemesis and have a high affinity at the S_(r). CDP840 and SB-207,499 havea comparatively low affinity at the S_(r), but CDP840 has asignificantly higher potency at the S_(c) than does SB-207,499. CDP840has been demonstrated to provide significant inhibition of late-phaseresponse in the treatment of asthma without any adverse events of nauseaor headache. Another PDE4 inhibitor that has been shown to have adverseevents of nausea and vomiting is BRL-61,063, also referred to ascipamfylline, which is described further below.

The development of CDP840 has been discontinued, while CP-80,633,atizoram, has been advanced into clinical studies. CP-80,633 andBRL-61,063 may be represented by Formulas (0.0.20) and (0.1.12),respectively:

Another compound which is in development is LAS-31025, arofylline, whichin guinea-pig studies, has been found to be active in the inhibition ofantigen-induced bronchoconstriction; Beleta, B. J., “Characterization ofLAS31025: a new selective PDE IV inhibitor for bronchial asthma,” ThirdInt. Conf. On Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase: From Genes toTherapies, Glasgow, UK, 1996, Abstract 73. LAS-31025, arofylline, may berepresented by Formula (0.0.21):

A number of PDE4 inhibitors have been advanced in development. Forexample, the effects of V-11294A on LPS-stimulated ex vivo TNF releaseand PHA induced lymphocyte proliferation have been determined in arandomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study which has found thatan oral dose of 300 mg is effective in reducing TNF levels andlymphocyte proliferation; Landells et al., “Oral administration of thephosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor, V11294A inhibits ex-vivoagonist-induced cell activation,” Eur. Resp. J. 12(Suppl. 28) 362s,1998; and Gale et al., “Pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) profileof the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor, V11294A, in humanvolunteers,” Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 159 A611, 1999.

The compound D4418 has been administered to healthy volunteers in asingle escalating dose, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I study;Montana et al., “Activity of D4418, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4)inhibitor, effects in cellular and animal models of asthma and earlyclinical studies,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159 A108, 1999. D4418is a moderately potent PDE4 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 200 nM. It hasgood oral absorption; a 200 mg dose provides a plasma C_(max) of 1.4μg/ml. D4418 has been discontinued from development due to its moderatepotency, and has been replaced by the preclinical development candidateD4396.

V-11294A and D4418 may be represented by Formulas (0.0.22) and (0.0.23),respectively:

Another compound, CI-1018, has been evaluated in 54 subjects and noadverse events were reported at doses up to 400 mg; Pruniaux et at.,“The novel phosphodiesterase inhibitor CI-1018 inhibits antigen-inducedlung eosinophilia in sensitized brown-norway rats—comparison withrolipram,” Inflammation S-04-6, 1999. CI-1018 has been demonstrated tohave good oral bioavailability (57% in the rat) and good oral potency ofwith an ED₅₀ of 5 mg/kg in that same species. CI-1018 is a relativelyweak PDE4 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1.1 μM in U937 cells. CI-1018 hasalso been identified as, or associated with as closely related instructure to, PD-168787, which in rat studies has been demonstrated tohave activity in the inhibition of antigen-induced eosinophilia; Pascalet al., “Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of4-oxo-1-phenyl-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,4]-diazepino[6,7,1-hi] indolines:novel PDE4 inhibitors,” 215^(th) ACS, Dallas, USA, MEDI 50, 1998.Inferred structures for CI-1018 and PD-168787 belong to a diazepinoneclass whose nucleus may be represented by Formula (0.0.24):

The above-mentioned compounds have also been evaluated in animal modelswhich demonstrate their PDE4 inhibition activity. For example, V-11294A,in guinea-pig studies, has been found to be active in the inhibition ofantigen-induced bronchoconstriction; Cavalla et al., “Activity ofV11294A, a novel phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in cellular andanimal models of asthma,” Amer. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, 155 A660,1997. D4418, in guinea-pig studies, has been found to be active in theinhibition of antigen-induced early and late phase bronchoconstrictionand BAL eosinophilia; Montana, et al., Ibid. CI-1018, in rat studies,has been found to be active in the inhibition of antigen-inducedeosinophilia; Burnouf, et al., “Pharmacology of the novelphosphodiesterase Type 4 inhibitor, CI-1018,” 215^(th) ACS Nat. Meeting,MEDI 008, 1998.

Other compounds which have been advanced in development includeCDC-3052, D-22888, YM-58997, and roflumilast, which may be representedby Formulas (0.0.27), (0.0.28), (0.0.29), and (0.0.30), respectively:

CDC-3052 has been discontinued from development, but has been succeededby very potent inhibitors of PDE4 such as the compound represented byFormula (0.0.31), and by the anti-inflammatory compound CDC-801represented by Formula (0.0.32), respectively:

The compound of Formula (0.0.32) is reported to have IC₅₀ values of 42pM and 130 nM as an inhibitor of PDE4 and TNFproduction, respectively;Muller et al., “N-Phthaloyl beta-aryl-beta-amino derivatives: PotentTNF-alpha and PDE4 inhibitors,” 217^(th) American Chemical Society,Annheim, Germany, MEDI 200, 1999; and Muller et al., “Thalidomideanalogs and PDE4 inhibition,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letts. 8 2669-2674,1998.

CDC-801 is from a series of compounds based on thalidomide and has beendeveloped primarily to improve the TNF-α inhibitory activity ofthalidomide for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Thalidomide may berepresented by Formula (0.0.33):

CDC-801 has also been studied for the treatment of Crohn's disease, achronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology commonlyinvolving the terminal ileum, with scarring and thickening of the bowelwall which frequently leads to intestinal obstruction and fistula andabscess formation. Crohn's disease has a high rate of recurrence aftertreatment.

YM-58997 has an IC₅₀ value of 1.2 nM against PDE4; Takayama et al.,“Synthetic studies on selective Type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE IV)inhibitors,” 214^(th) American Chemical Society, Las Vegas, USA, MEDI245, 1997. YM-58997 has a 1,8-naphthyridin-2-one structure, as doesYM-976.

Roflumilast has been studied for the treatment of both COPD and asthma,and has an IC₅₀ value of 3.5 nM in standard in vitro guinea-pig modelsof asthma. The use of roflumilast and a surfactant for the treatment ofadult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has also been described.

AWD-12,281, which is now designated as loteprednol, has been shown to beactive in a rat model of allergic rhinitis, as described further belowin a section which deals with allergic rhinitis and the use of PDE4inhibitors to treat it. AWD-12,281 may be represented by Formula(0.0.34):

Compounds related in structure to CDP840, shown further above as Formula(0.0.9), include L-826,141, which has been reported to have activity ina rat model of bronchitis; Gordon et al., “Anti-inflammatory effects ofa PDE4 inhibitor in a rat model of chronic bronchitis,” Am. J. Respir.Crit. Care Med. 159 A33, 1999. Another such compound is related instructure to those reported in Perrier et al., “Substituted furans asinhibitors of the PDE4 enzyme,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letts. 9 323-326,1999, and is represented by Formula (0.0.35):

Other compounds which been found to be very potent PDE4 inhibitors arethose represented by Formulas (0.0.36), (0.0.37), and (0.0.38):

Compounds have been created which combine PDE4 and matrixmetalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity in a single molecule;Groneberg et al., “Dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 and matrixmetalloproteinases by an (arylsulfonyl)hydroxamic acid template,” J.Med. Chem. 42(4) 541-544, 1999. Two examples of such compounds arerepresented by Formulas (0.0.39) and (0.0.40):

The respective IC₅₀ values for the compounds of Formulas (0.1.36) and(0.1.37) using a guinea-pig macrophage PDE4 assay were 1 nM and 30 nM.

The compounds identified as KF19514 and KF17625 have been shown inguinea-pig studies to have activity in the inhibition of the following:histamine-induced and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction; PAF-inducedlung eosinophilia and antigen-induced BAL eosinophilia; acetylcholine(ACh)-induced AHR; PAF-induced BAL eosinophilia and neutrophilia, andAHR; antigen-induced bronchospasm; and anaphylactic bronchoconstriction;Fujimura et al., “Bronchoprotective effects of KF-19514 and cilostazolin guinea-pigs in vivo,” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 327 57-63, 1997; Manabe etal., Ibid.; Manabe et al., “KF19514, a phosphodiesterase 4 and 1inhibitor, inhibits PAF-induced lung inflammatory responses by inhaledadministration in guinea-pigs,” Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 114 389-399,1997; Suzuki et al., “New bronchodilators. 3.Imidazo[4,5-c][1,8]naphthyridin-4(5H)-ones,” J. Med. Chem. 35 4866-4874,1992; Matsuura et al., “Substituted 1,8-naphthyridin-2(1H)-ones asselective phosphodiesterase IV inhibitors,” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17(4)498-503, 1994; and Manabe et al, “Pharmacological properties of a newbronchodilator, KF17625,” Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 58(Suppl. 1) 238P, 1992.KF19514 and KF17625 may be represented by Formulas (0.0.41) and(0.0.42):

The reported potency and lack of emesis in a series of indandionessuggests that the hypothesis that has related side-effects such asemesis to the ratio of affinity for the PDE4 enzyme relative to that forthe high affinity rolipram binding site (HARBS) is erroneous. Suchindandiones may be represented by Formulas (0.0.43) and (0.0.44):

The PDE4 inhibitors that have been created heretofore fall into asignificant number of different classes in terms of their chemicalstructures. Such classes have been as diverse as phenanthridines andnaphthyridines. One class of PDE4 inhibitors are lignans such as T-440,which has been demonstrated to have activity in the inhibition of thefollowing: early phase bronchoconstriction induced by antigen,histamine, LTD4, U-46619, Ach, neurokinin A, and endothelin-1;allergen-induced early phase and late phase bronchoconstriction and BALeosinophilia; and ozone-induced AHR and airway epithelial injury.Optimization of the PDE4 inhibitory potency of such compounds has led tothe discovery of T-2585, one of the most potent PDE4 inhibitorsdescribed to date with an IC₅₀ value of 0.13 nM against guinea-pig lungPDE4. T-440 and T-2585 may be represented by Formulas (0.0.45) and(0.0.46):

Another class of PDE4 inhibitors consists of benzofurans andbenzothiophenes. In particular, furan and chroman rings have beenutilized as surrogates for the cyclopentylether of the roliprampharmacophore. An example of-such a compound is one that is apparentlyrelated in structure to BAY 19-8004, and which may be represented byFormula (0.0.47):

Another benzofuran-type compound has been reported to have an IC₅₀ valueof 2.5 nM, and may be represented by Formula (0.0.48):

A compound with a related structure, which is not, however, abenzofuran, is characterized by a fused dioxicin ring and is reported toproduce almost complete inhibition of canine tracheal PDE4 at 100 nM.This compound may be represented by Formula (0.0.49):

Quinolines and quinolones are a further class of PDE4 inhibitorstructures, and they serve as surrogates for the catechol moiety ofrolipram. This compound and two compounds of similar structure may berepresented by Formulas (0.0.50), (0.0.51), and (0.0.52):

Purines, xanthines, and pteridines represent yet further classes ofchemical compounds to which PDE4 inhibitors described heretofore in theart belong. The compound V-11294A described further above andrepresented by Formula (0.0.22), is a purine. A PDE4 inhibitor which isa xanthine compound, the class of compounds to which theophyllinebelongs, has been described in the art; Montana et al., “PDE4inhibitors, new xanthine analogues,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letts. 82925-2930, 1998. The xanthine compound may be represented by Formula(0.0.54):

A potent PDE4 inhibitor belonging to the pteridine class of compoundshas been demonstrated to have an IC₅₀ value of 16 nM against a PDE4derived from tumor cells and to inhibit the growth of tumor cells atmicromolar concentrations; Merz et al., “Synthesis of7-Benzlamino-6-chloro-2-piperazino-4-pyrrolidiriopteridine and novelderivatives free of positional isomers. Potent inhibitors ofcAMP-specific phosphodiesterase and of malignant tumor cell growth,” J.Med. Chem. 41(24) 4733-4743, 1998. The pteridine PDE4 inhibitor may berepresented by Formula (0.0.55):

Triazines represent a still further class of chemical compounds to whichPDE4 inhibitors belong that have been described in the art heretofore.Two such triazines have been described which display bronchodilatoractivity and are potent relaxant agents in a guinea-pig trachea model.These compounds, which may be represented by Formulas (0.0.56) and(0.0.57) below, are also moderately potent PDE4 inhibitors with IC₅₀values of 150 and 140 nM, respectively:

A triazine having a structure assumed to be closely related to that ofthe compounds of Formulas (0.0.56) and (0.0.57) is UCB-29936, which hasbeen demonstrated to have activity in a murine model of septic shock;Danhaive et al, “UCB29936, a selective phosphodiesterase Type IVinhibitor: therapeutic potential in endotoxic shock,” Am. J. Respir.Crit. Care. Med. 159 A611, 1999.

Efforts have also been made in the art to improve the selectivity ofPDE4 inhibitors with respect to the A through D subtypes describedfurther above. There are presently four known isoforms (subtypes) of thePDE4 isozyme, encompassing seven splice variants, also described furtherabove. The PDE4D isoform mRNA is expressed in inflammatory cells such asneutrophils and eosinophils, and it has been suggested in the art thatD-selective inhibitors of PDE4 will provide good clinical efficacy withreduced side-effects. A nicotinamide derivative displaying selectivityfor inhibition of the PDE4D isoform has been described; WO 98/45268; aswell as a naphthyridine derivative reported to be a PDE4D selectiveinhibitor; WO 98/18796. These compounds may be represented by Formulas(0.0.58) and (0.0.59), respectively:

Another nicotinamide compound has been described in the art which may beuseful in the treatment of CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis;GB-2327675; and a rolipram derivative has been described in the artwhich is a PDE4 inhibitor which binds with equal affinity to both thecatalytic and the HARB sites on human PDE4B2B; Tian et al., “Dualinhibition of human Type 4 phosphodiesterase isostates by(R,R)-(+/−)-methyl-3-acetyl-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-3-methyl-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate,” Biochemistry 37(19) 6894-6904, 1998. The nicotinamidederivative and the rolipram derivative may be represented by Formulas(0.0.60) and (0.0.61), respectively:

Further background information concerning selective PDE4 isozymes may befound in publications available in the art, e.g., Norman, “PDE4inhibitors 1999,” Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents 9(8) 1101-1118, 1999 (AshleyPublications Ltd.); and Dyke and Montana, “The therapeutic potential ofPDE4 inhibitors,” Exp. Opin. Invest Drugs 8(9) 1301-1325, 1999 (AshleyPublications Ltd.).

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF THE ART

WO 98/45268 (Marfat et al.), published Oct. 15, 1998, disclosesnicotinamide derivatives having activity as selective inhibitors ofPDE4D isozyme. These selective inhibitors are represented by Formula(0.1.1):

U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,891 (Saccomano et al.), issued Aug. 29, 1989,discloses nicotinamide compounds which function as calcium independentc-AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors useful as antidepressants, of Formula(0.1.2):

The nicotinamide nucleus of a typical compound disclosed in this patentis bonded directly to the R¹ group, which is defined as 1-piperidyl,1-(3-indolyl)ethyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, phenyl, 1-(1-phenylethyl), or benzyloptionally mono-substituted by methyl, methoxy, chloro or fluoro. The R²substituent is bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl or

where Y is H, F or Cl; and X is H, F, Cl, OCH₃, CF₃, CN, COOH,—C(═O)(C₁-C₄) alkoxy, H(CH₃)C(═O)— (methylcarbamoyl) orN(CH₃)₂C(═O)—(dimethylcarbamoyl).

U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,185 (Michaely et al.) discloses herbicides such asthose of Formula (0.1.3):

where R is (C₁-C₄) alkyl, (C₁-C₄) haloalkyl, or halo.

EP 550 900 (Jeschke et al.) discloses herbicides and plant nematicidesof Formula (0.1.4):

where n is 0-3; R¹ is selected from numerous groups, but is usually H,6-CH₃, or 5-Cl; R² is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl oraralkyl; R1 and R2 is halo, CN, NO₂, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl,aryl, aryloxy, or arylthio; and R⁴ is alkyl.

EP 500 989 (Mollner et al.) discloses ACE inhibitors of Formula (0.1.5):

where n is 0-3; R is OH, SH, COOH, NH₂, halo, OR₄, SR₄, COOR₄, NHR₄ orN(R₄)₂, where R₄ is lower alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or acyl;R₁ is OH, lower alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl lower alkoxy,aryloxy, or disubstituted amino; R₂ is lower alkyl or amino lower alkyl;and R1 and R2 is halo, NO₂, lower alkyl, halo lower alkyl, aryl loweralkyl, or aryl. Specific embodiments disclosed include compounds such asthat of Formula (0.1.6):

FR 2.140.772 (Aries) discloses compounds asserted to have utility asanalgesics, tranquilizers, antipyretics, anti-inflammatories, andantirheumatics, of Formula (0.1.7):

where R is 1 or 2 substituents chosen from lower alkyl, trihalomethyl,alkoxy, and halo; R′ is H or alkyl; and R″ is hydrogen or alkyl.

JP 07 304775 (Otsuka et al.) discloses naphthyridine and pyridopyrazinederivatives which have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, analgesic,antipyretic, antiallergic, and antidepressive action. Also disclosed areintermediates of Formula (0.1.8):

where X may be CH, and R and R′ are each lower alkyl.

With regard to the disclosures of the above-identified patents andpublished patent applications, it will be appreciated that only thedisclosure of WO 98/45268 (Marfat et al.) concerns the inhibition ofPDE4 isozymes. The state of the art also contains information regardingcompounds wholly dissimilar in chemical structure to those of Formula(1.0.0) of the present invention, but which, on the other hand, possessbiological activity similar to that of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).Representative patents and published patent applications disclosing saidinformation are illustrated further below.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,552,438; 5,602,157; and 5,614,540 (all to Christensen),which all share the same Apr. 2, 1992 priority date, relate to atherapeutic agent identified as ARIFLO®, which is a compound of Formula(0.1.9) and named as indicated below:

The compound of Formula (0.1.9) falls within the scope of U.S. Pat. No.5,552,438 which discloses a genus of compounds of Formula (0.1.10):

where R₁=—(CR₄R₅),R₆ where r=0 and R₆=C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; X=YR₂ where Y=Oand R₂=—CH₃; X₂=O; X₃=H; and X₄=a moiety of partial Formula (0.1.10.1)

where X₅=H; s=O; R₁ and R₂=CN; and Z=C(O)OR₁₄ where R₁₄=H. Thedisclosures of U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,157 and 5,614,540 differ from that ofU.S. Pat. No. 5,552,438 and each other as to the definition of the R₃group, which in the case of the ARIFLO® compound, is CN. A preferredsalt form of the ARIFLO® compound is disclosed to be thetris(hydroxymethyl)ammonium methane salt.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,926 (Christensen et al.) discloses analogs of theARIFLO® compound, e.g., that of Formula (0.1.11):

WO 99/18793 (Webb et al.) discloses a process of making the ARIFLO® andrelated compounds. WO 95/00139 (Barnette et al.) claims a compound whichhas an IC₅₀ ratio of about 0.1 or greater as regards the IC₅₀ for thePDE IV catalytic form which binds rolipram with a high affinity, dividedby the IC₅₀ for the form which binds rolipram with a low affinity; butin a dependent claim restricts the scope thereof to a compound which wasnot known to be a PDE4 inhibitor prior to Jun. 21, 1993.

WO 99/20625 (Eggleston) discloses crystalline polymorphic forms ofcipamfylline for treatment of PDE₄ and TNF mediated diseases, of Formula(0.1.12):

WO 99/20280 (Griswold et aL) discloses a method of treating pruritis byadministering an effective amount of a PDE4 inhibitor, e.g., a compoundof Formula (0.1.13):

U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,557 (Pon) discloses a CHO-K1 cell line which stablyexpresses high levels of a full length low-Km cAMP specific PDE4Aenzyme, which has, in turn, been used to examine potent PDE4 enzymeinhibitors and compare the rank order of their potencies in elevatingcAMP in a whole-cell preparation with their ability to inhibitphosphodiesterase activity in a broken-cell preparation. It is furthersaid to be found that the soluble enzyme inhibition assay described inthe prior art does not reflect behavior of the inhibitors acting invivo. An improved soluble enzyme whole-cell assay is then disclosedwhich is said to reflect the behavior of inhibitors acting in vivo. Itis further disclosed that there exist at least four distinct PDE4isoforms or subtypes, and that each subtype has been shown to give riseto a number of splice variants, which in themselves can exhibitdifferent cellular localization and affinities for inhibitors.

With regard to the disclosures of the above-identified patents andpublished patent applications, it will be appreciated that the compoundsinvolved possess the same biological activity as the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0). At the same time, however, the artisan will observethat the chemical structures of said compounds disclosed in the priorart are not only diverse from each other but dissimilar to that of thenovel compounds of the present invention as well. The state of the artcontains still further information regarding compounds which aredissimilar in chemical structure to those of Formula (1.0.0), and which,moreover, do not possess PDE4 inhibitory activity similar to that of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0). Such compounds disclosed in the prior artdo, nevertheless, often have therapeutic utility similar to thatpossessed by the compounds of Formula (1.0.0), i.e., in the treatment ofinflammatory, respiratory and allergic diseases and conditions. Inparticular this is applicable to certain inhibitors of enzymes andantagonists of receptors in the so-called leukotriene pathway. This isespecially the case with regard to the leukotrienes LTB₄ and LTD₄.Accordingly, representative patents and published patent applicationsdisclosing further information of this type are described below.

Arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase-1 and by5-lipoxygenase. The 5-lipoxygenase pathway leads to the production ofleukotrienes (LTs) which contribute to the inflammatory response throughtheir effect on neutrophil aggregation, degranulation and chemotaxis;vascular permeability; smooth muscle contractility; and on lymphocytes.The cysteinyl leukotrienes, LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄, play an important rolein the pathogenesis of asthma. The components of the leukotriene pathwaywhich afford targets for therapeutic intervention are illustrated in thefollowing diagram:

Accordingly, agents which are able to intervene in any of the steps ofthe 5-lipoxygenase pathway afford an opportunity for therapeutictreatment. An example of one such agent is the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor,zileuton, a therapeutic agent identified as ZYFLO® which may berepresented by Formula (0.1.14):

Another such agent is the LTD₄ receptor antagonist zafirlukast, atherapeutic agent identified as ACCOLATE® which may be represented byFormula (0.1.15):

A further such LTD₄ receptor antagonist is montelukast, a therapeuticagent identified as SINGULAIR® which may be represented by Formula(0.1.16):

Another type of the above-mentioned therapeutic targets is the LTB₄receptor, and an example of an antagonist for said receptor is BIIL-260,a therapeutic agent which may be represented by Formula (0.1.17):

Another example of a therapeutic agent which is an LTB₄ receptorantagonist is CGS-25019c which may be represented by Formula (0.1.18):

Nothing in the above-described state of the art discloses or wouldsuggest to the artisan the novel compounds of the present invention ortheir PDE4 inhibitory activity and the resulting significant improvementin therapeutic utility and therapeutic index in the treatment ofinflammatory, respiratory and allergic diseases and conditions.

4.0 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is concerned with novel compounds which havebiological activity as inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase so-called“Type IV” isoenzyme (“PDE4 isozyme”). Embodiments of the novel compoundsof the present invention are active as non-selective inhibitors of thePDE4 isozyme. Other embodiments of said novel compounds have PDE4isozyme substrate specificity, especially for the D subtype. Said novelcompounds having non-selective or D-selective PDE4 inhibitor activityare generally useful in the therapeutic treatment of variousinflammatory, allergic, and respiratory diseases and conditions, andthey afford in particular a significant improvement in the therapeutictreatment of obstructive respiratory diseases, especially asthma andchronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The present invention relates to a compound of Formula (1.0.0):

wherein

-   j is 0 or 1; provided that when j is 0, n must be 2;-   k is 0 or 1-   m is 1, 2, or 3;-   n is 1 or 2;-   W¹ and W² are independently —O—; —S(═O)_(t)—, where t is 0, 1, or 2;    or —N(R³)— where R³ has the same meaning as defined below;-   Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))—, where R¹ _(a) has the same meaning as defined    below; or —[N    (O)_(k)]— where k is 0 or 1;    where    -   R¹ _(a) is a member selected from the group consisting of —H;        —F; —Cl; —CN; —NO₂; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —(C₂-C₄) alkynyl;        fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl; fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkoxy; —OR¹⁶;        and —C(═O)NR²² _(a)R²² _(b);        where        -   R²² _(a) and R²² _(b) are each independently —H; —CH₃;            —CH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH₂(CH₃)₂; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃;            —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; —C(CH₃)₃; cyclopropyl;            cyclobutyl; or cyclopentyl;-   R^(A) and R^(B) are each a member independently selected from the    group consisting of —H; —F; —CF₃; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —(C₃-C₇)    cycloalkyl; phenyl; and benzyl; wherein said cycloalkyl, phenyl, and    benzyl moieties are each independently substituted with 0 to 3    substituents R¹⁰;    where    -   R¹⁰ is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl;        pyridyl; —F; —Cl; —CF₃; oxo (═O); —OR¹⁶; —NO₂; —CN; —C(═O)OR¹⁶;        —O—C(═O)R¹⁶;—C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —O—C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶R¹⁷;        —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶C(═O)OR¹⁷; —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁷; and        —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷; where said phenyl or pyridyl is substituted by 0        to 3 R¹¹;        where        -   R¹¹ is —F; —Cl; —CF₃; —CN; —NO₂; —OH; —(C₁-C₃) alkoxy;            —(C₁-C₃) alkyl; or —NR¹⁶R¹⁷;            and            -   R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each a member independently selected                from the group consisting of —H; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl;                —(C₂-C₄) alkenyl; —(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; phenyl; benzyl;                and pyridyl; wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl,                phenyl, benzyl, or pyridyl is substituted by 0 to 3                substituents selected from the group consisting of —F,                —Cl, —CF₃, —CN, and —(C₁-C₃) alkyl;                or-   R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together, but only in the case where m is    1, to form a Spiro moiety of Formula (1.2.0):    where    -   r and s are independently 0 to 4 provided that the sum of r+s is        at least 1 but not greater than 5;        and    -   X^(A) is selected from —CH₂—, —CH(R¹¹)—, or C(R¹¹)₂—, where each        R¹¹ is selected independently of the other and each has the same        meaning as defined above; —NR¹⁵—, where R¹⁵ has the same meaning        as defined below; —O—; and —S(═O)_(t)—, where t is 0, 1, or 2;        and    -   said spiro moiety of partial Formula (1.2.0) is substituted as        to any one or more carbon atoms thereof, other than that        defining X^(A), by 0 to 3 substituents R¹⁴, where R¹⁴ has the        same meaning as defined below; as to a nitrogen atom thereof by        0 or 1 substituent R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ has the same meaning as        defined below; and as to a sulfur atom thereof by 0 or 2 oxygen        atoms;-   R^(C) and R^(D) have the same meaning as defined above for R^(A) and    R^(B) except that one of them must be —H, and they are selected    independently of each other and of R^(A) and R^(B);-   R¹ and R² may individually or together appear on any ring or rings    comprising a meaning of the moiety I² as defined below; and R¹ and    R² are each a member independently selected from the group    consisting of —H; —F; —Cl; —CN; —NO₂; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —(C₂-C₄)    alkynyl; fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl; —OR¹⁶; and —C(═O)NR²² _(a)R²²    _(b); where R¹⁶, R²² _(a), and R²² _(b) have the same meanings as    defined above;-   R³ is —H; —(C₁-C₃) alkyl; phenyl; benzyl; or —OR¹⁶, where R¹⁶ has    the same meaning as defined above;-   R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ may individually or together appear on any ring or    rings comprising a meaning of the moiety I² as defined below; and    R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each a member independently selected from the    group consisting of    the following:-   (a) —H; —F; —Cl; —(C₂-C₄) alkynyl; —R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶; —S(═O)_(p)R¹⁶;    —C(═O)R¹⁶; —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —OC(═O)R¹⁶; —CN; —NO₂; —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷;    —OC(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²² _(a)C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²² _(a)C(═NR¹²)NR¹⁶R¹⁷;    —NR²² _(a)C(═NCN)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²² _(a)C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —C(═NR²²    _(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —CH₂C(═NR²² _(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —OC(═NR²² _(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷;    —OC(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —CH₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²² _(a)C(═O)R¹⁶; —NR²²    _(a)C(═O)OR¹⁶; ═NOR¹⁶; —NR²² _(a)S(═O)_(p)R¹⁷—S(═O)_(p)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; and    —CH₂C(═NR²² _(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷;    where    -   p is 0, 1, or 2; and R²² _(a), R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ have the same        meanings as defined above;-   (b) —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; and —(C₁-C₄) alkoxy in the case where one or    more of R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ has the meaning of —OR¹⁶ under (a) above and    R¹⁶is defined as —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; wherein said alkyl and alkoxy are    each independently substituted with 0 to 3 substituents —F or —Cl;    or 0 or 1 substituent (C₁-C₂) alkoxycarbonyl-; (C₁-C₂)    alkylcarbonyl-; or (C₁-C₂) alkylcarbonyloxy-;    and-   (c) an aryl or heterocyclyl moiety selected from the group    consisting of phenyl; benzyl; furanyl; tetrahydrofuranyl; oxetanyl;    thienyl; tetrahydrothienyl; pyrrolyl; pyrrolidinyl; oxazolyl;    oxazolidinyl; isoxazolyl; isoxazolidinyl; thiazolyl; thiazolidinyl;    isothiazolyl; isothiazolidinyl; pyrazolyl; pyrazolidinyl;    oxadiazolyl; thiadiazolyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl; pyridinyl;    pyrazinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyridazinyl; piperidinyl; piperazinyl;    triazolyl; triazinyl; tetrazolyl; pyranyl; azetidinyl; morpholinyl,    parathiazinyl; indolyl; indolinyl; benzo[b]furanyl;    2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl; 2-H-chromenyl; chromanyl; benzothienyl;    1-H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; benzisoxazolyl;    benzthiazolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; phthalazinyl;    quinazolinyl; quinoxalinyl; and purinyl; wherein said aryl and    heterocyclyl moieties are each independently substituted with 0 to 2    substituents R¹⁴    where    -   R¹⁴ is a member selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)        alkyl; —(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl; phenyl; benzyl; pyridyl; and        quinolinyl; where said alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl,        pyridyl, or quinolinyl is substituted by 0, 1, or 2 substituents        —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —OR¹⁶, —NO₂, —CN, or —NR¹⁶R¹⁷; and said R¹⁴ group        further consists of —F; —Cl; —CF₃; oxo (═O); —OR¹⁶; —NO₂; —CN;        —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —O—C(═O)R¹⁶; —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —O—C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷;        —NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶C(═O)OR¹⁷; —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁷; or        —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷; where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ have the same meanings as        defined above;        and further where        -   R¹⁵ is a member independently selected from the group            consisting of —H; —NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —C(═O)R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶; —(C₁-C₄)            alkyl-OR¹⁶; —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —(C₁-C₂) alkyl-C(═O)OR¹⁶;            —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —(C₂-C₄) alkenyl;            —(CH₂)_(u)—(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl where us is 0, 1 or 2; phenyl;            benzyl; pyridyl; and quinolinyl; wherein said alkyl,            alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl or            quinolinyl is substituted with 0 to 3 substituents R¹²;            where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ have the same meanings as defined above;            and            where            -   R¹² is a member independently selected from the group                consisting of —F; —Cl; —CO₂R¹⁸; —OR¹⁶; —CN;                —C(═O)NR¹⁸R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸C(═O)R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸C(═O)OR¹⁹;                —NR¹⁸S(═O)_(p)R¹⁹; —S(═O)_(p)NR¹⁸R¹⁹, where p is 1 or 2;                —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; and —(C₁-C₄) alkoxy in the case where                R¹² has the meaning of —OR¹⁶ above and R¹⁶ is defined as                —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; wherein said alkyl and alkoxy are each                independently substituted with 0 to 3 substituents                independently selected from —F; —Cl; —(C₁-C₂)                alkoxycarbonyl; —(C₁-C₂) alkylcarbonyl; and —(C₁-C₂)                alkylcarbonyloxy; where R¹⁶ has the same meaning as                defined above; and                where                -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the                    group consisting of —H; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; and phenyl;                    where said alkyl or phenyl is substituted by 0-3 of                    —F; or —Cl;                    or in the case where I¹ is phenyl-   (d) R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety which is a member    selected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.3.1)    through (1.3.15):    wherein    -   R²⁰ and R²¹ are each a member independently selected from the        group consisting of —H; —F; —Cl; —CH₃; —CH₂F; —CHF₂; —CF₃;        —OCH₃; and —OCF₃;    -   R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently —H; —CH₃; —OCH₃; —CH₂CH₃;        —OCH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH₂(CH₃)₂; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃;        —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; —C(CH₃)₃; or absent, in which case the dashed        line - - - - represents a double bond;-   I¹ is a moiety comprising a saturated or unsaturated carbon ring    system that is a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic, or that is a 7- to    12-membered, fused polycyclic; provided that I¹ is not a    discontinuous or restricted biaryl moiety; and wherein optionally    one carbon atom of said carbon ring system may be replaced by a    heteroatom selected from N, O, and S; where optionally a second    carbon atom thereof, and further optionally a third carbon atom    thereof may be replaced by N;    wherein    -   said moiety defining I¹ is substituted on any ring or rings        thereof by R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶, which have the same meaning as defined        above;-   I² is a moiety comprising a saturated or unsaturated carbon ring    system that is a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic, or that is a 7- to    12-membered, fused polycyclic; provided that I ² is not a    discontinuous or restricted biaryl moiety; and wherein optionally    one carbon atom of said carbon ring system may be replaced by a    heteroatom selected from N, O, and S; where optionally a second    carbon atom thereof, and further optionally a third carbon atom    thereof may be replaced by N;    wherein    -   said moiety defining I² is substituted on any ring or rings        thereof by R¹ and R², which have the same meaning as defined        above;-   D is a member independently selected from the group consisting of    the following-   (a) the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.1.1) through    (1.1.9):    wherein    -   “*” indicates the point of attachment of each partial Formula        (1.1.1) through (1.1.9) to the remaining portion of Formula        (1.0.0);    -   q is 1, 2, or 3, provided that where q is 2 or 3, R⁹ has the        meaning of —H in at least one instance, or two instances,        respectively;    -   v 0 or 1;    -   W³ is —O—; —N(R⁹)—, where R⁹ has the same meaning as defined        below; or —OC(═O)—;    -   R⁷ is a member independently selected from the group consisting        of        the following:    -   (1) —H;    -   (2) —(C₁-C₆) alkyl; —(C₂-C₆) alkenyl; or —(C₂-C₆) alkynyl; where        said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is substituted by 0 to 3        substituents R¹⁰, where R¹⁰ has the same meaning as defined        above;    -   (3) —(CH₂)_(u)—(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl where u is 0, 1 or 2; and        further where said (C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl is substituted by 0 to 3        substituents R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ has the same meaning as defined        above;        and    -   (4) phenyl or benzyl, where said phenyl or benzyl is        independently substituted by 0 to 3 substituents R¹⁰ where R¹⁰        has the same meaning as defined above;    -   R⁸ is a member independently selected from the group consisting        of        the following:    -   (1) phenyl; tetrazol-5-yl; 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl;        1,2,4-triazol-3-on-5-yl; 1,2,3-triazol-5-yl; imidazol-2-yl;        imidazol-4-yl; imidazolidin-2-on-4-yl; 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl;        1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-on-5-yl; 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl;        1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-on-3-yl; 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl;        1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-on-5-yl; 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl;        1,3,4-thiadiazolyl; morpholinyl; parathiazinyl; oxazolyl;        isoxazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; pyrrolyl; pyrazolyl;        succinimidyl; glutarimidyl; pyrrolidonyl; 2-piperidonyl;        2-pyridonyl; 4-pyridonyl; pyridazin-3-onyl; pyridyl;        pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; pyridazinyl;        and    -   (2) indolyl; indolinyl; isoindolinyl; benzo[b]furanyl;        2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl; 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl;        2H-1-benzopyranyl; 2-H-chromenyl; chromanyl; benzothienyl;        1H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; benzisoxazolyl;        benzothiazolyl; benzotriazolyl; benzotriazinyl; phthalazinyl;        1,8-naphthyridinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; quinazolinyl;        quinoxalinyl; pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl;        pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidinyl; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl;        pyridopyridinyl; pteridinyl; and 1H-purinyl;        where    -   any moiety recited in (1) or (2) above is optionally substituted        with respect to (i) any one or more carbon atoms thereof        optionally by a substituent R¹⁴ where R¹⁴ has the same meaning        as defined above; (ii) any one or more nitrogen atoms thereof        that is not a point of attachment of said moiety, optionally by        a substituent R¹⁵ where R¹⁵ has the same meaning as defined        above, and all tautomer forms thereof; and (iii) any sulfur atom        thereof that is not a point of attachment of said moiety, by 0,        1, or 2 oxygen atoms;    -   R⁹ is a member selected from the group consisting of —H;        —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl; phenyl; benzyl; pyridyl;        —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —C(═O)R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶; —(C₁-C₂) alkyl-OR¹⁶; and —(C₁-C₂)        alkyl—C(═O)OR¹⁶; where R¹⁶ has the same meaning as defined        above;        and D is further selected from-   (b) a moiety comprising a member selected from the group consisting    of —O—P(═O)(OH)₂ (phosphoric); —PH(═O)OH (phosphinic); —P(═O)(OH)₂    (phosphonic); —[P(═O)(OH)—O(C₁-C₄) alkyl] (alkylphosphono);    —P(═O)(OH)—O(C₁-C₄) alkyl) (alkylphosphinyl); —P(═O)(OH)NH₂    (phosphoramido); —P(═O)(OH)NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl and —P(═O)(OH)NHR²⁵    (substituted phosphoramido); —O—S(═O)₂OH (sulfuric); —S(═O)₂OH    (sulfonic); —S(═O)₂NHR²⁶ or —NHS(═O)₂R²⁶ (sulfonamido) where R²⁶ is    —CH₃, —CF₃, or o-toluyl; and acylsulfonamido selected from the group    consisting of —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂R²⁵; —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NH₂;    —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —C(═O)N HS(═O)₂NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl;    —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂N[(C₁-C₄) alkyl]₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)(C₁-C₄) alkyl;    —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NH₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl;    —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)N[(C₁-C₄) alkyl]₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)R²⁵; —S(═O)₂NHCN;    —S(═O)₂NHC(═S)NH₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═S)NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl;    —S(═O)₂NHC(═S)N[(C₁-C₄) alkyl]₂; and —S(═O)₂NHS(═O)₂R²⁵;    where    -   R²⁵ is —H; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; phenyl; or —OR¹⁸, where R¹⁸ has the        same meaning as defined above;        or    -   a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention is concerned in particular with a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) as above-recited wherein the moiety D comprises as apreferred meaning of R⁷, phenyl, benzyl, or cyclohexyl illustrated inpartial Formulas (1.1.45) through (1.1.47) below; or the moiety Dcomprises R⁸ of partial Formula (1.1.4) where v is 0 or 1, comprising amember selected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.1.11)through (1.1.44) illustrated below:

wherein “*” indicates the point of attachment of each partial Formula(1.1.11) through (1.1.47) to the remaining portion of Formula (1.0.0);and wherein each carbon atom of partial Formulas (1.1.11) through(1.1.44) is optionally substituted by a substituent R¹⁴; where R¹⁴ andR¹⁵ have the same meaning as defined above; and all tautomer forms, andoptionally N-oxide forms, thereof; and further wherein each carbon atomof partial Formulas (1.1.45) through (1.1.47) is optionally substitutedby a substituent R¹⁰; where R¹⁰ has the same meaning as defined above.

The present invention is further concerned more particularly with acompound of Formula (1.0.0) as above-recited wherein the moiety D isespecially the below-indicated member selected from the above-recitedgroup consisting of partial Formulas (1.1.11) through (1.1.47):

The present invention is further concerned in particular with a compoundof Formula (1.0.0) as above-recited wherein the moiety D comprises R⁸ ofpartial Formula (1.1.4) where v is 0 or 1, and R⁸ of said partialFormula (1.1.4) is a member selected from the group consisting ofpartial Formulas (1.4.1) through (1.4.28):

where “*” indicates the point of attachment to the remaining portion ofFormula (1.0.0); and where each carbon atom is optionally substituted bya substituent R¹⁴; and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning asdefined above; and all tautomer forms, and optionally N-oxide forms,thereof.

The present invention is further concerned with a compound of Formula(1.0.0) wherein I¹ comprises especially a member selected from the groupconsisting of phenyl; pyrrolyl; pyrrolidinyl; furanyl; thienyl; pyridyl;pyrimidinyl; piperidinyl; piperazinyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl;oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; morpholinyl; thiazolyl; indolyl; quinolinyl;isoquinolinyl; benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; quinuclidinyl; andazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl; a monocyclic —(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl moiety; amonocyclic —(C₅-C₇) cycloalkenyl moiety that is a member selected fromthe group consisting of cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl;and a bicyclic —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkyl or —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkenyl moietythat is a member selected from the group consisting of norbornanyl,norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl,bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, cyclodecanyl, andadamantanyl.

The present invention is still further concerned especially with acompound of Formula (1.0.0) wherein particularly I¹ and the substituentsR⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are selected in such a way that the left-hand terminus ofsaid compound of Formula (1.0.0) is represented by the following partialFormulas (2.0.1) through (2.0.72):

The present invention is further concerned with a compound of Formula(1.0.0) wherein I² comprises especially a member selected from the groupconsisting of phenyl; pyrrolyl; pyrrolidinyl; furanyl; thienyl; pyridyl;pyrimidinyl; piperidinyl; piperazinyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl;oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; thiazolyl; indolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl;benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; morpholinyl; quinuclidinyl; andazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl; a monocyclic —(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl moiety; amonocyclic —(C₅-C₇) cycloalkenyl moiety that is a member selected fromthe group consisting of cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl;and a bicyclic —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkyl or —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkenyl moietythat is a member selected from the group consisting of norbornanyl,norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl,bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, cyclodecanyl, andadamantanyl.

The present invention is also further concerned especially with acompound of Formula (1.0.0) wherein particularly I² and the substituentsR¹ and R² are selected in such a way that this portion of the right-handterminus of said compound of Formula (1.0.0) is represented by thefollowing partial Formulas (2.5.1) through (2.5.50) set out below.

The present invention is still further concerned with a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) characterized as to the right-hand side thereof, where mis 1, by partial Formula (1.0.5):

where “*” is a symbol representing the point of attachment of the groupof partial Formula (1.0.5) to the remaining portion of a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) where R^(A) and R^(B) are both —H, or one is —H and theother is —CH₃, or both are —CH₃, or both are taken together to formspiro-cyclopropyl or spiro-cyclobutyl; R¹ is —H, —OCH₃, or 2′—F; R² is—H; and the moieties I² and D are selected such that, said group ofpartial Formula (1.0.5) is a member selected from the group consistingof partial Formulas (1.5.1) through (1.5.54), as set out below. Wherethe moiety I² is phenyl, the 2′-position thereof is located as indicatedin partial Formula (1.5.1):

wherein

-   “*” indicates the point of attachment of each said group of partial    Formula (1.0.5) represented by partial Formulas (1.5.1) through    (1.5.54) to the remaining portion of Formula (1.0.0).

The present invention is further concerned with a method of treating asubject suffering from a disease or condition mediated by the PDE4isozyme in its role of regulating the activation and degranulation ofhuman eosinophils, comprising administering to said subject in need ofsaid treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) as described above. Similarly, the present invention isalso concerned with a pharmaceutical composition for use in such atherapeutic treatment, comprising a compound of Formula (1.0.0) asdescribed above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention relates to PDE4 isozyme inhibitors comprising acompound of Formula (1.0.0) as described above which is useful intreating or preventing one or members selected from the groups ofdiseases, disorders, and conditions consisting of:

-   -   asthma of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or asthma        that is a member selected from the group consisting of atopic        asthma; non-atopic asthma; allergic asthma; atopic, bronchial,        IgE-mediated asthma; bronchial asthma; essential asthma; true        asthma; intrinsic asthma caused by pathophysiologic        disturbances; extrinsic asthma caused by environmental factors;        essential asthma of unknown or inapparent cause; non-atopic        asthma; bronchitic asthma; emphysematous asthma;        exercise-induced asthma; occupational asthma; infective asthma        caused by bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or viral infection;        non-allergic asthma; incipient asthma; wheezy infant syndrome;    -   chronic or acute bronchoconstriction; chronic bronchitis; small        airways obstruction; and emphysema;    -   obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases of whatever type,        etiology, or pathogenesis; or an obstructive or inflammatory        airways disease that is a member selected from the group        consisting of asthma; pneumoconiosis; chronic eosinophilic        pneumonia; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); COPD        that includes chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema or dyspnea        associated therewith; COPD that is characterized by        irreversible, progressive airways obstruction; adult respiratory        distress syndrome (ARDS), and exacerbation of airways        hyper-reactivity consequent to other drug therapy;    -   pneumoconiosis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        pneumoconiosis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of aluminosis or bauxite workers' disease;        anthracosis or miners' asthma; asbestosis or steam-fitters'        asthma; chalicosis or flint disease; ptilosis caused by inhaling        the dust from ostrich feathers; siderosis caused by the        inhalation of iron particles; silicosis or grinders' disease;        byssinosis or cotton-dust asthma; and talc pneumoconiosis;    -   bronchitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        bronchitis that is a member selected from the group consisting        of acute bronchitis; acute laryngotracheal bronchitis; arachidic        bronchitis; catarrhal bronchitis; croupus bronchitis; dry        bronchitis; infectious asthmatic bronchitis; productive        bronchitis; staphylococcus or streptococcal bronchitis; and        vesicular bronchitis;    -   bronchiectasis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        bronchiectasis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of cylindric bronchiectasis; sacculated        bronchiectasis; fusiform bronchiectasis; capillary        bronchiectasis; cystic bronchiectasis; dry bronchiectasis; and        follicular bronchiectasis;    -   seasonal allergic rhinitis; or perennial allergic rhinitis; or        sinusitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        sinusitis that is a member selected from the group consisting of        purulent or nonpurulent sinusitis; acute or chronic sinusitis;        and ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, or sphenoid sinusitis;    -   rheumatoid arthritis of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or rheumatoid arthritis that is a member selected        from the group consisting of acute arthritis; acute gouty        arthritis; chronic inflammatory arthritis; degenerative        arthritis; infectious arthritis; Lyme arthritis; proliferative        arthritis; psoriatic arthritis; and vertebral arthritis;    -   gout, and fever and pain associated with inflammation;    -   an eosinophil-related disorder of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or an eosinophil-related disorder that is a member        selected from the group consisting of eosinophilia; pulmonary        infiltration eosinophilia; LoffIer's syndrome; chronic        eosinophilic pneumonia; tropical pulmonary eosinophilia;        bronchopneumonic aspergillosis; aspergilloma; granulomas        containing eosinophils; allergic granulomatous angiitis or        Churg-Strauss syndrome; polyarteritis nodosa (PAN); and systemic        necrotizing vasculitis;    -   atopic dermatitis; or allergic dermatitis; or allergic or atopic        eczema;    -   urticaria of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        urticaria that is a member selected from the group consisting of        immune-mediated urticaria; complement-mediated urticaria;        urticariogenic material-induced urticaria; physical        agent-induced urticaria; stress-induced urticaria; idiopathic        urticaria; acute urticaria; chronic urticaria; angioedema;        cholinergic urticaria; cold urticaria in the autosomal dominant        form or in the acquired form; contact urticaria; giant        urticaria; and papular urticaria;    -   conjunctivitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        conjunctivitis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of actinic conjunctivitis; acute catarrhal        conjunctivitis; acute contagious conjunctivitis; allergic        conjunctivitis; atopic conjunctivitis; chronic catarrhal        conjunctivitis; purulent conjunctivitis; and vernal        conjunctivitis    -   uveitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or uveitis        that is a member selected from the group consisting of        inflammation of all or part of the uvea; anterior uveitis;        iritis; cyclitis; iridocyclitis; granulomatous uveitis;        nongranulomatous uveitis; phacoantigenic uveitis; posterior        uveitis; choroiditis; and chorioretinitis;    -   psoriasis;    -   multiple sclerosis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis;        or multiple sclerosis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of primary progressive multiple sclerosis; and        relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis;    -   autoimmune/inflammatory diseases of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or an autoimmune/inflammatory disease that is a        member selected from the group consisting of autoimmune        hematological disorders; hemolytic anemia; aplastic anemia; pure        red cell anemia; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; systemic        lupus erythematosus; polychondritis; scleroderma; Wegner's        granulomatosis; dermatomyositis; chronic active hepatitis;        myasthenia gravis; Stevens-Johnson syndrome; idiopathic sprue;        autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases; ulcerative colitis;        Crohn's disease; endocrin opthamopathy; Grave's disease;        sarcoidosis; alveolitis; chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis;        primary biliary cirrhosis; juvenile diabetes or diabetes        mellitus type l; anterior uveitis; granulomatous or posterior        uveitis; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; epidemic        keratoconjunctivitis; diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis or        interstitial lung fibrosis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis;        cystic fibrosis; psoriatic arthritis; glomerulonephritis with        and without nephrotic syndrome; acute glomerulonephritis;        idiopathic nephrotic syndrome; minimal change nephropathy;        inflammatory/hyperproliferative skin diseases; psoriasis; atopic        dermatitis; contact dermatitis; allergic contact dermatitis;        benign familial pemphigus; pemphigus erythematosus; pemphigus        foliaceus; and pemphigus vulgaris;    -   prevention of allogeneic graft rejection following organ        transplantation;    -   inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or inflammatory bowel disease that is a member        selected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC);        collagenous colitis; colitis polyposa; transmural colitis; and        Crohn's disease (CD);    -   septic shock of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        septic shock that is a member selected from the group consisting        of renal failure; acute renal failure; cachexia; malarial        cachexia; hypophysial cachexia; uremic cachexia; cardiac        cachexia; cachexia suprarenalis or Addison's disease; cancerous        cachexia; and cachexia as a consequence of infection by the        human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);    -   liver injury;    -   pulmonary hypertension; and hypoxia-induced pulmonary        hypertension;    -   bone loss diseases; primary osteoporosis; and secondary        osteoporosis;    -   central nervous system disorders of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or a central nervous system disorder that is a        member selected from the group consisting of depression;        Parkinson's disease; learning and memory impairment; tardive        dyskinesia; drug dependence; arteriosclerotic dementia; and        dementias that accompany Huntington's chorea, Wilson's disease,        paralysis agitans, and thalamic atrophies;    -   infection, especially infection by viruses wherein such viruses        increase the production of TNF-α in their host, or wherein such        viruses are sensitive to upregulation of TNF-α in their host so        that their replication or other vital activities are adversely        impacted, including a virus which is a member selected from the        group consisting of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-3; cytomegalovirus,        CMV; influenza; adenoviruses; and Herpes viruses, including        Herpes zoster and Herpes simplex;    -   yeast and fungus infections wherein said yeast and fungi are        sensitive to upregulation by TNF-α or elicit TNF-α production in        their host, e.g., fungal meningitis; particularly when        administered in conjunction with other drugs of choice for the        treatment of systemic yeast and fungus infections, including but        are not limited to, polymixins, e.g., Polymycin B; imidazoles,        e.g., clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole;        triazoles, e.g., fluconazole and itranazole; and amphotericins,        e.g., Amphotericin B and liposomal Amphotericin B.    -   ischemia-reperfusion injury; autoimmune diabetes; retinal        autoimmunity; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; HIV infections;        lupus erythematosus; kidney and ureter disease; urogenital and        gastrointestinal disorders; and prostate diseases.

In particular, the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in thetreatment of (1) inflammatory diseases and conditions comprising: jointinflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis,osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, chronicglomerulonephritis, dermatitis, and Crohn's disease; (2) respiratorydiseases and conditions comprising: asthma, acute respiratory distresssyndrome, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, bronchitis, chronicobstructive airway disease, and silicosis; (3) infectious diseases andconditions comprising: sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gramnegative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, fever and myalgias due tobacterial, viral or fungal infection, and influenza; (4) immune diseasesand conditions comprising: autoimmune diabetes, systemic lupuserythematosis, graft vs. host reaction, allograft rejections, multiplesclerosis, psoriasis, and allergic rhinitis; and (5) other diseases andconditions comprising: bone resorption diseases; reperfusion injury;cachexia secondary to infection or malignancy; cachexia secondary tohuman acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) infection, or AIDS related complex (ARC); keloid formation;scar tissue formation; type 1 diabetes mellitus; and leukemia.

The present invention still further relates to the combination of acompound of Formula (1.0.0) together with one or more members selectedfrom the group consisting of the following: (a) leukotriene biosynthesisinhibitors: 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenaseactivating protein (FLAP) antagonists selected from the group consistingof zileuton; ABT-761; fenleuton; tepoxalin; Abbott-79175; Abbott-85761;N-(5-substituted)-thiophene-2-alkylsulfonamides of Formula (5.2.8);2,6-di-tert-butylphenol hydrazones of Formula (5.2.10); the class ofmethoxytetrahydropyrans which includes Zeneca ZD-2138 of Formula(5.2.11); the compound SB-210661 of Formula (5.2.12) and the class towhich it belongs; the class of pyridinyl-substituted 2-cyanonaphthalenecompounds to which L-739,010 belongs; the class of 2-cyanoquinolinecompounds to which L-746,530 belongs; the classes of indole andquinoline compounds to which MK-591, MK-886, and BAY x 1005 belong; (b)receptor antagonists for leukotrienes LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄selected from the group consisting of the phenothiazin-3-one class ofcompounds to which L-651,392 belongs; the class of amidino compounds towhich CGS-25019c belongs; the class of benzoxaolamines to whichontazolast belongs; the class of benzenecarboximidamides to which BIIL284/260 belongs; and the classes of compounds to which zafirlukast,ablukast, montelukast, pranlukast, verlukast (MK-679), RG-12525,Ro-245913, iralukast (CGP 45715A), and BAY x 7195 belong; (c) PDE4inhibitors including inhibitors of the isoform PDE4D; (d) 5-Lipoxygenase(5-LO) inhibitors; or 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP)antagonists; (e) dual inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) andantagonists of platelet activating factor (PAF); (f) leukotrieneantagonists (LTRAs) including antagonists of LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄;(g) antihistaminic H₁ receptor antagonists including cetirizine,loratadine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, astemizole, azelastine, andchlorpheniramine; (h) gastroprotective H₂ receptor antagonists; (i) α₁-and α₂-adrenoceptor agonist vasoconstrictor sympathomimetic agentsadministered orally or topically for decongestant use, includingpropylhexedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine,naphazoline hydrochloride, oxymetazoline hydrochloride, tetrahydrozolinehydrochloride, xylometazoline hydrochloride, and ethyinorepinephrinehydrochloride; (j) α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptor agonists in combination withinhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO); (k) anticholinergic agentsincluding ipratropium bromide; tiotropium bromide; oxitropium bromide;pirenzepine; and telenzepine; (l) β₁- to β₄-adrenoceptor agonistsincluding metaproterenol, isoproterenol, isoprenaline, albuterol,salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol, terbutaline, orciprenaline,bitolterol mesylate, and pirbuterol; (m) methylxanthanines includingtheophylline and aminophylline; (n) sodium cromoglycate; (o) muscarinicreceptor (M1, M2, and M3) antagonists; (p) COX-1 inhibitors (NSAIDs);COX-2 selective inhibitors including rofecoxib; and nitric oxide NSAIDs;(q) insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1) mimetics; (r) ciclesonide;(s) inhaled glucocorticoids with reduced systemic side effects,including prednisone, prednisolone, flunisolide, triamcinoloneacetonide, beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide, fluticasonepropionate, and mometasone furoate; (t) tryptase inhibitors; (u)platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists; (v) monoclonal antibodiesactive against endogenous inflammatory entities; (w) IPL 576; (x)anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) agents including Etanercept,Infliximab, and D2E7; (y) DMARDs including Leflunomide; (z) TCRpeptides; (aa) interleukin converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors; (bb)IMPDH inhibitors; (cc) adhesion molecule inhibitors including VLA-4antagonists; (dd) cathepsins; (ee) MAP kinase inhibitors; (ff) glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors; (gg) kinin-B₁- and B₂-receptorantagonists; (hh) gold in the form of an aurothio group together withvarious hydrophilic groups; (ii) immunosuppressive agents, e.g.,cyclosporine, azathioprine, and methotrexate; (jj) anti-gout agents,e.g., colchicine; (kk) xanthine oxidase inhibitors, e.g., allopurinol;(ll) uricosuric agents, e.g., probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, andbenzbromarone; (mm) antineoplastic agents, especially antimitotic drugsincluding the vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine and vincristine; (nn)growth hormone secretagogues; (oo) inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases(MMPs), i.e., the stromelysins, the collagenases, and the gelatinases,as well as aggrecanase; especially collagenase-1 (MMP-1), collagenase-2(MMP-8), collagenase-3 (MMP-13), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), stromelysin-2(MMP-10), and stromelysin-3 (MMP-11); (pp) transforming growth factor(TGFβ); (qq) platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF); (rr) fibroblastgrowth factor, e.g., basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF); (ss)granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); (tt)capsaicin cream; (uu) Tachykinin NK₁ and NK₃ receptor antagonistsselected from the group consisting of NKP-608C; SB-233412 (talnetant);and D-4418; and (vv) elastase inhibitors selected from the groupconsisting of UT-77 and ZD-0892.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 5.0 Compounds

The present invention is concerned with novel compounds which may berepresented by Formula (1.0.0) as follows:

The broadest scope of the compounds of the present invention iscircumscribed above under Section 4.0 relating to the Summary of theInvention. A further description of said compounds is provided hereafterin terms of a range of different types and groups of embodiments, aswell as specific embodiments which characterize and exemplify thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0). Preferred and more preferred embodimentsof said compounds are also set forth, but it will be understood that therecital of such preferences is in no way intended to, and does not limitthe scope of the present invention with regard to said compounds.

As used herein, the expressions “—(C₁-C₃) alkyl”, “—(C₁-C₄) alkyl”, and“—(C₁-C₆) alkyl”, as well as equivalent variations of the same, areintended to include branched as well as straight chain conformations ofthese aliphatic groups. Thus, the above-quoted expressions include, inaddition to the straight chain entities methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-Hexyl, the branched chain entities iso-propyl,iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-pentane (2-methylbutane),2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 1-ethylpropane, and 1-ethylbutane. Themeanings of the above-quoted expressions are also intended to apply tosaid expressions whether or not they are substituted. Thus, theexpression “fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl” is intended to encompass thevarious fluorinated species of the n-propyl and iso-propyl aliphaticgroups.

As used herein, the expression “saturated or unsaturated carbon ringsystem that is 3- to 7-membered monocyclic” is intended to include suchsaturated monocyclic carbon ring systems as cyclopropane, cyclobutane,cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cycloheptane. The above-quoted expressionis also intended to include such mono-unsaturated monocyclic carbon ringsystems as cyclopentene, cyclohexene, and cycloheptene; as well as sucharomatic monocyclic carbon ring systems as phenylene.

As used herein, the expressions “fused or discontinuous, polycyclic” and“fused polycyclic” are intended to mean first, a carbon ring systemhaving two or more rings, especially bicyclic and tricyclic, moreespecially bicyclic, in which the rings are fused, i.e., there is atleast one pair of bridgehead carbon atoms present. These polycyclic ringsystems may be saturated or unsaturated. Second, the above-quotedexpression is intended to mean a carbon ring system having two or morerings in which said rings are discontinuous, i.e., they are attached toeach other by a single or double covalent bond and there are nobridgehead carbon atoms present. These polycyclic ring systems may alsobe saturated or unsaturated.

The moiety I¹ may be discontinuous, while the moiety I² may not bediscontinuous. It is also provided herein that I² may not have themeaning of a moiety which is biaryl or discontinuous. The expression“biaryl” as used herein is intended to mean a fused polycyclic ringsystem as defined immediately above in which (1) bridgehead carbon atomsare joined by a bond, i.e., there are no additional carbon atoms presentbetween said bridgehead carbon atoms; and (2) heteroatoms, if present,are contained only in a tricyclic or higher polycyclic fused ringsystem. Further, as already mentioned, I² may not be discontinuous, asthat expression is defined immediately above.

Consequently, the types of biaryl and discontinuous ring systems thatmay comprise a meaning of I¹, but that may not comprise a meaning of I²include, inter alia, the following: biphenyl; biphenylene; fluorene;9H-carbazole; phenanthridine; phenanthrene; 2,2′-bipyridine;iminodibenzyl; 2,2′-biquinoline; naphthalene; 2-phenylnaphthalene;1-phenylnaphthalene; diphenylmethane; 1-phenylpiperadine;1-phenylpiperazine; bibenzyl; azulene; 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-dipyridyl;1—(diphenylmethyl)azetidine; 4,5-diphenyloxazole; 2,5-diphenyloxazole;diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane and diphenyl-4-pyridylmethane;3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; 1-benzylpiperazine; 1-benzylpiperidine;2-benzylpyridine, 3-benzylpyridine and 4-benzylpyridine;4,5-diphenylimidazole; phenothiazine; phenoxazine; phenazine; 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene; 2-phenylindene; 2-phenylindole;4-phenylmorpholine; 2-phenylbenzothiazole; 2-phenylbenzoxazole; and2-phenylbenzimidazole.

The above-recited types of biaryl and discontinuous ring systems may, onthe other hand, comprise a meaning of I¹. As a further illustration, itwill be understood that, e.g., a naphthyl moiety is biaryl as definedherein, since it is a fused bicyclic with a bond between the bridgeheadcarbon atoms, and there are no heteroatoms present. A quinolinyl moiety,on the other hand, while also a fused bicyclic with a bond between thebridgehead carbon atoms, is not biaryl as defined herein, since anitrogen heteroatom is also present, and the definition of “biaryl”requires that in such a case the fused ring system be tricyclic orhigher polycyclic. The biphenyl moiety is an example of a discontinuousring system that, accordingly, may be a meaning of I¹, but may not be ameaning of I².

As used herein, the expression “saturated or unsaturated carbon ringsystem that is . . . 7- to 12-membered, fused or discontinuous,polycyclic” is intended to include such saturated fused bi- andtricyclic carbon ring systems as norbornane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl,bicyclo[3.2.1 ]octanyl, bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonanyl,cyclodecanyl, and adamantanyl. The above-quoted expression is alsointended to include such mono-unsaturated bi- and tricyclic carbon ringsystems as norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2-2]oct-5-enyl, andbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl; as well as such aromatic bi- and tricycliccarbon ring systems as naphthylene and biphenylene. The above-quotedexpression is further intended to include such aromatic disontinuousbicyclic carbon ring systems as biphenylene.

The carbon ring systems included within the scope of the above-quotedexpression and described above also include moieties wherein optionallyone carbon atom thereof may be replaced by a heteroatom selected from N,O, or S, and where N is selected, optionally a second carbon atomthereof may be replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O, and S. Theresulting moieties include pyrrolyl; pyrrolidinyl; furanyl; thienyl;pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; piperidinyl; piperazinyl; imidazolyl;imidazolidinyl; oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; thiazolyl; indolyl; quinolinyl;isoquinolinyl; benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; morpholinyl; quinuclidinyl;and azabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl.

As used herein with respect to compounds of Formula (1.0.0), as well asother formulas and partial formulas relating thereto, where one or morenitrogen atom components thereof is or are represented as [N

(O)], it or they comprise(s) an optional nitrogen oxide form of saidnitrogen atom(s). Where there is more than one such nitrogen oxide form,they are selected independently of each other. Further, it will beappreciated that said nitrogen oxide form(s) may also be represented as“[N

(O)_(u)]” where u is 0 or 1.

A portion of the core nucleus of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) isthat of a nicotinamide of Formula (1.0.1):

derived from nicotinic acid. This portion of the core nucleus is thenelaborated by defining the Y moiety as being ═C(R¹ _(a))—, or —[N

(O)_(k)— where k is 0 or 1, and where the symbol

(O) indicates a nitrogen heteroatom in the form of its N-Oxide when kis 1. It should be noted that in the N-containing heterocyclyl moietieswhich define R⁸, it is provided that optionally one or more of theN-heteroatoms comprising said heterocyclyl moieties may be in the formof the N-oxide of said N-heteroatoms. Accordingly, the considerationsconcerning N-oxides just described also apply to such N-oxide-containingmoieties defining R⁸.

Where Y has the meaning of —[N

(O)_(k)]— the compounds of the present invention are pyrimidines. Thepyrimidine group of compounds of Formula (1.0.0) is a significant partof the scope of the present invention. It is preferred, nevertheless,that the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) have the Y moiety defined as ═C(R¹_(a))— where the substituent R¹ _(a) is selected independently from theother substituents that form the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).

In addition to —H, R¹ _(a) of the ═C(R¹ _(a))— moiety is defined as amember selected from the group consisting of —F; —Cl; —CN; —NO₂;—(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —(C₂-C₄) alkynyl; fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl;fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkoxy; —OR¹⁶; and —C(═O)NR¹² _(a)R¹² _(b); whereR¹² _(a) and R¹² _(b) are each independently —H; —CH₃; —CH₂CH₃;—CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH₂(CH₃)₂; —CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂;—C(CH₃)₃; cyclopropyl; cyclobutyl; or cyclopentyl;

However, it is preferred that the R¹ _(a) substituent of the ═C(R¹_(a))— moiety have the meaning of —H; —F; —Cl; —CH₃; —OCH₃; or —(C₂-C₄)alkynyl; more preferably R¹ _(a) is —F or —H.

It will be noted that R¹ _(a) has several substituent definitions,especially —F, in common with those for the R¹ and R² substituents onthe I² moiety. In the embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)where Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))—, and both the I¹ moiety and the I² moiety havethe preferred meaning of phenyl, the substituents at the 5-position ofthe nicotinamide core nucleus and at the 2′-position, of the benzylgroup attached to the amide portion thereof, are selected from the samegroup of definitions, although on an independent basis. The embodimentsof the present invention wherein such substituents are involved, andwhere j is 1, k is 0, n is 1, both R^(c) and R^(D) are —H, and Y is═C(R¹ _(a))—, may be illustrated by generic Formula (1.0.2a) andsub-generic Formula (1.0.2b) as follows:

In such embodiments of the present invention, the 5-position (R¹ _(a))and 2′-position (R¹) substituents serve the same function of modulatingthe properties of the overall compound of Formula (1.0.0) with respectto its pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties such as potency,substrate specificity (selectivity), and physico-chemical properties. Inpreferred embodiments of the compounds of the present invention of thistype, both the R¹ and R¹ _(a) substituents will have the same meaning,which will be —H or —F.

5.1.0 Terminal Moiety D is a Moiety of Partial Formulas (1.1.1)-(1.1.9)

D is a member selected from the group of moieties defined by partialFormulas (1.1.1) through (1.1.9) illustrated further above. The moietiesof partial Formulas (1.1.1) through (1.1.5) which define the D group aretypically but not necessarily acids, amides, and heterocyclyl groupsthat act as acid and amide mimetics, but they are not limited to thesetypes of functional groups. The moieties of partial Formulas (1.1.6)through (1.1.9) which define the D group are typically but notnecessarily tertiary alcohols and their mimetics, especially analogousacyl and nitrile moieties, but they are not limited to these types offunctional groups. Other moieties as described herein may be employed atthe right-hand-side of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0). These moietiesare bioisostereic in that they permit the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)containing them to achieve PDE4 inhibition essentially equivalent tothat achieved by other moieties, especially acid, amide, and alcoholmoieties.

5.1.1 D is a Moiety of Partial Formulas (1.1.1), (1.1.2), or (1.1.3)

Embodiments of the present invention wherein the definition of the Dgroup is illustrated by partial Formulas (1.1.1); (1.1.2); and (1.1.3),are as follows:

One of a number of preferred moieties for defining the D group is thatof partial Formula (1.1.1) where R⁷ has the meaning of —H, which is apreferred meaning of this substituent. Where R⁷ is hydrogen and m is 1,2, or 3 in Formula (1.0.0), a simple carboxylic acid —COOH results, andthe group becomes a lower alkanoic acid. Benzoic acid as a meaning ofthe D group, however, is a less preferred embodiment of the presentinvention.

R¹⁰ is an optional substituent of the moieties that define R⁷, and theremay be up to three such substituents when present. The meaning of theR¹⁰ substituent includes phenyl or pyridyl where said phenyl or pyridylis in turn optionally substituted by up to 3 substituents R¹¹ where R¹¹is —F, —Cl, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, —(C₁-C₃) alkoxy, —(C₁-C₃) alkyl, or—NR¹⁶R¹⁷. In preferred embodiments that include such R¹¹ substitution,there will be 1 or 2 substituents R¹¹ that have the meaning of —F, —Cl,—CH₃, —OCH₃, —OH, —CN, or —N(CH₃)₂. Preferably, there is 0 or 1 such R¹¹substituent and when present it is —F or —Cl. The meaning of the R¹⁰substituent further includes —F, —Cl, —CF₃, oxo (═O), —OR¹⁶, —NO₂, —CN,—C(═O)OR¹⁶, —O—C(═O)R¹⁶ —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, —O—C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, —NR¹⁶R¹⁷,—NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁷, —NR¹⁶C(═O)OR¹⁷, —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁷, or —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷.

The sub-substituents R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ comprise —H; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl, preferably—CH₃; —(C₂-C₄) alkenyl; —(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, preferably cyclopropyl;phenyl; benzyl; or pyridyl. Said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl,benzyl, or pyridyl groups are in turn optionally substituted by up to 3substituents —F, —Cl, or —CN. Among the above-recited additionalmeanings of R¹⁰, it is preferred that the R¹⁰ substituent when presentbe pyridyl optionally substituted by —F, —Cl, —OCH₃, —CN, —NO₂, or—NR¹⁶R¹⁷ where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently —H or —CH₃; or that the R¹⁰substituent when present be —F, —Cl, —CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, —C(═O)OR¹⁶, or—NR¹⁶R¹⁷ where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently —H or —CH₃.

These and other preferred embodiments of the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) comprising the moieties of partial Formula (1.1.1) based on thepreferred meanings of R⁷ and R⁹ as described above, include, inter alia,the following groups illustrated by partial Formulas (3.5.1) through(3.5.15):

The D group is represented by partial Formula (1.1.2) in which thenitrogen atom is substituted by R⁹ where R⁹ has the meaning of —H;—(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl; phenyl; benzyl; —C(═O)OR¹⁶;—C(═O)R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶; —(C₁-C₂) alkyl—OR¹⁶; or —(C₁-C₂) alkyl —C(═O)OR¹⁶where R¹⁶ is —H or —(C₁-C₄) alkyl. R¹⁶ is preferably —H or —CH₃.

Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention where the D group isrepresented by partial Formula (1.1.2) may be illustrated as follows bypartial Formulas (4.1.1) through (4.1.5):

Those embodiments wherein the definition of D is that of an amide group,are illustrated by partial Formula (1.1.3):

These and other preferred embodiments of the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) comprising moieties of partial Formula (1.1.3), based on themeanings of R⁷ and R⁹ described above, include, inter alia, thefollowing groups illustrated by partial Formulas (4.5.1) through(4.5.20):

5.1.2 D is a Moiety of Partial Formula (1.1.4)

Preferred embodiments of the present invention also comprise thosecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) wherein terminal moiety D falls within thescope of partial Formula (1.1.4), i.e., embodiments of this type areencompassed within the scope of the D moiety when it has the meaning ofpartial Formula (1.1.4):

wherein R⁸ is a monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclyl which is a memberselected from the group consisting of tetrazol-5-yl; 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl;1,2,4-triazol-3-on-5-yl; 1,2,3-triazol-5-yl; imidazol-2-yl;imidazol-4-yl; imidazolidin-2-on-4-yl; 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl;1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-on-3-yl 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl;1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-on-5-yl; 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl; 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-on-5-yl;oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; pyrrolyl; pyrazolyl; succinimidyl; glutarimidyl;pyrrolidonyl; 2-piperidonyl; 2-pyridonyl; 4-pyridonyl; pyridazin-3-onyl;pyridazin-3-onyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; thiadiazolyl; morpholinyl;parathiazinyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; pyridazinyl; indolyl;indolinyl; isoindolinyl; benzo[b]furanyl; 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl;1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl; 2H-1-benzopyranyl; 2—H-chromenyl; chromanyl;benzothienyl; 1H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl;benzisoxazolyl; benzothiazolyl; benzotriazolyl; benzotriazinyl;phthalazinyl; 1,8-naphthyridinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl;quinazolinyl; quinoxalinyl; pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl;pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidinyl; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl; pyridopyridinyl;pteridinyl; and 1H-purinyl.

Partial Formulas (1.1.3) and (1.1.4) are similar and the distinctionbetween them should be noted. Partial Formulas (1.1.3) and (1.1.4) areas follows:

Where v is 0, R⁸ is linked in a direct fashion to the remaining portionof a compound of Formula (1.0.0) and it is, accordingly, readilydistinguishable from a moiety of partial Formula (1.1.3) in which R⁷ islinked to the remaining portion of a compound of Formula (1.0.0) throughthe amide bridging moiety —C(═O)NR⁹—. Where v is 1, on the other hand,both the R⁸ and the R⁷ moieties are linked to the remaining portion of acompound of Formula (1.0.0) through the amide bridging moiety—C(═O)NR⁹—. In this instance, the distinction between the moieties ofpartial Formulas (1.1.3) and (1.1.4) comprises the difference betweenthe meanings of the R⁸ and the R⁷ moieties. This difference has alreadybeen described above in detail.

In order to facilitate the following description, the monocyclicheterocyclyl moieties and the bicyclic heterocyclyl moieties are firsttreated together and thereafter are discussed as separate groups.

Any one or more of the carbon atoms of the phenyl, benzyl, orheterocyclyl moiety is substituted by 0 to 3 substituents R¹⁴ where R¹⁴has the meanings and preferred meanings already described above withregard to partial Formulas (1.1.1), (1.1.2), and (1.1.3). Any one ormore of the nitrogen atoms, which it will be appreciated occur only inthe case of the heterocyclyl moieties, and which are not a point ofattachment of said heterocyclyl moiety, are optionally substituted by upto 3 substituents R¹⁵. Any sulfur atom which happens to occur in aheterocyclyl moiety, that is not a point of attachment of saidheterocyclyl moiety, is substituted by 0, 1, or 2 oxygen atoms.

The optional nitrogen heterocyclyl substituent R¹⁵ comprises —H;—NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —C(═O)R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶, preferably —OCH₃; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl—OR¹⁶;—C(═O)OR¹⁶; —(C₁-C₂) alkyl —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl,preferably —CH₃; —(C₂-C₄) alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(U)—(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl where uis 0, 1 or 2, preferably cyclopropyl; phenyl; benzyl; pyridyl; orquinolinyl. The alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl,pyridyl and quinolinyl groups thus included are optionally substitutedwith up to 2 substituents R¹².

The sub-substituent R¹² comprises —F; —Cl; —CO₂R¹⁸; —OR¹⁶; —CN;—C(═O)NR¹⁸ R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸C(═O)R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸C(═O)OR¹⁹;—NR¹⁸S(═O)_(p)R¹⁹; —S(═O)_(p)NR¹⁸R¹⁹, where p is 1 or 2, preferably 2;—(C₁-C₄) alkyl, preferably —CH₃; and —(C₁-C₄) alkoxy, where R¹² has themeaning of —OR¹⁶ above and R¹⁶ is defined as —(C₁-C₄) alkyl, andpreferably R¹² is —OCH₃; where said alkyl and alkoxy are in turnoptionally substituted with up to 3 substituents —F; —Cl; —(C₁-C₂)alkoxycarbonyl; —(C₁-C₂) alkylcarbonyl; and —(C₁-C₂) alkylcarbonyloxy.The R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ substituents are independently selected from —H;—(C₁-C₂) alkyl, preferably —CH₃; or phenyl; and are optionallysubstituted with up to 3 —F; or —Cl.

No R⁹ substituents are shown in partial Formulas (1.1.11) through(1.1.34) above, as well as further below, because the R⁹ substituent isattached only to a nitrogen atom that does not form an integral,component part of an attached heterocyclic moiety. The R⁹ substituent isoptional in character in that “—H” is included as a definition of the R⁹substituent, and in many of the embodiments of the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) this is the preferred meaning of R⁹. Another preferred meaningof R⁹ is —CH₃.

There is also pointed out the distinction between the substituents R⁹and R¹⁵, both of which are attached only to nitrogen atoms in any of themeanings of the moiety D. The substituent R¹⁵ is attached only to anitrogen atom that is an integral, component part of any heterocyclicmoiety that may be defined via the R⁸ substituent of partial Formula(1.1.4) and in particular with reference to the more specificheterocyclic moieties of partial Formulas (1.1.11) through (1.1.34),shown above as well as further below. The R⁹ substituent, on the otherhand, is attached only to a nitrogen atom that in turn is attached to,but is not an integral, component part of any of the heterocyclicmoieties that is defined by partial Formulas (1.1.2), (1.1.3), and(1.1.5). The R¹⁵ substituent may be attached to one or more nitrogenatoms and said nitrogen atoms may be present in any moieties fallingwithin the scope of partial Formula (1.1.4) that can be characterized ascontaining or comprising a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moiety.

As an illustration of preferred subgeneric embodiments of the presentinvention wherein the D group has the meaning of a moiety that fallswithin the scope of partial Formula (1.1.4), there is set out below thegroups of partial Formulas (1.1.11) through (1.1.44):

In order to provide another demonstration of preferred embodiments ofthe compounds of Formula (1.0.0) with reference to the D group where itis a moiety of partial Formula (1.1.4) and v is 0 or 1, and R⁸ is amonocyclic heterocyclic group, there is set out below the groupsconsisting of partial Formulas (4.8.1) through (4.8.80) from which the Dmoiety is selected in such preferred embodiments:

Preferred embodiments of the present invention where the group D is amoiety of partial Formula (1.1.4) and v is 0 or 1, also include thosewherein the moiety R⁸ is a bicyclic heterocyclic group selected from thegroup consisting of indolyl; indolinyl; isoindolinyl; benzo[b]furanyl;2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl; 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl; 2H-1-benzopyranyl;2-H-chromenyl; chromanyl; benzothienyl; 1H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl;benzoxazolyl; benzisoxazolyl; benzothiazolyl; benzotriazolyl;benzotriazinyl; phthalazinyl; 1,8-naphthyridinyl; quinolinyl;isoquinolinyl; quinazolinyl; quinoxalinyl; pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl;pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidinyl; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl; pyridopyridinyl;pteridinyl; and 1H-purinyl.

In order to provide a still further demonstration of preferredembodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) with reference to the Dgroup where it is a moiety of partial Formula (1.1.4), v is 0 or 1, andR⁸ is a bicyclic heterocyclic group, there is set out below the groupsconsisting of partial Formulas (5.0.1) through (5.0.28) from which the Dmoiety is selected in such preferred embodiments:

where “*” indicates the point of attachment to the remaining portion ofFormula (1.0.0); and where each carbon atom is optionally substituted bya substituent R¹⁴; and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning asdefined above; and all tautomer forms, and optionally N-oxide forms,thereof.5.1.3 D is a Moiety of Partial Formula (1.1.5)

There are further embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) inwhich the D moiety comprises a group falling within the scope of partialFormula (1.1.5):

wherein q is 1, 2, or 3, provided that where q is 2 or 3, R⁹ has themeaning of —H in at least one instance, or two instances, respectively;W³ is —O—; —N(R⁹); or —OC(═O) where R⁹ has the same meaning as definedabove; and R⁷ has the same meaning as defined above.

In preferred embodiments of the compounds of partial Formula (1.1.5), qis 1 or 2, R⁹ is —H, or —CH₃; W³ is —O—, —O(C═O)—, or —NH—; and R⁷ isone of the preferred moieties already described above.

Representative embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) in whichthe D moiety falls within the scope of partial Formula (1.1.5) are thoseillustrated by partial Formulas (6.0.1) through (6.0.6):

5.1.4 D is Other than a Carboxylic Acid

Embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) include those whereinthe D moiety is other than a carboxylic acid and is, instead, aphosphorus or sulfur acid or a derivative thereof. There are asignificant number of such derivatives from which the D moiety may beselected, and they include the following: —O—P(═O)(OH)₂ (phosphoric);—PH(═O)OH (phosphinic); —P(═O)(OH)₂ (phosphonic); —[P(═O)(OH)—O(C₁-C₄)alkyl] (alkylphosphono); —P(═O)(OH)—O(C₁-C₄) alkyl) (alkylphosphinyl);—P(═O)(OH)NH₂ (phosphoramido); —P(═O)(OH)NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl and—P(═O)(OH)NHR²⁵ (substituted phosphoramido); —O—S(═O)₂OH (sulfuric);—S(═O)₂OH (sulfonic); —S(═O)₂NHR²⁶ or —NHS(═O)₂R²⁶ (sulfonamido) whereR²⁶ is —CH₃, —CF₃, or o-toluyl; and acylsulfonamido selected from thegroup consisting of —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂R²⁵; —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NH₂;—C(═O)NHS(═O)₂(C₁-C₄) alkyl; —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl;—C(═O)NHS(═O)₂N[(C₁-C₄) alkyl]₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)(C₁-C₄) alkyl;—S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NH₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl;—S(═O)₂NHC(═O)N[(C₁-C₄) alkyl]₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)R²⁵; —S(═O)₂NHCN;—S(═O)₂NHC(═S)NH₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═S)NH(C₁-C₄) alkyl;—S(═O)₂NHC(═S)N[(C₁-C₄) alkyl]₂; and —S(═O)₂NHS(═O)₂R²⁵; where R²⁵ is—H; —(C₁-C₄) alkyl; phenyl; or —OR¹⁶, where R¹⁶ has the same meaning asdefined above.

Preferred embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) wherein D is aphosphorus or sulfur acid or a derivative thereof, are those wherein Dis —P(═O)(OH)NHR²⁵ (substituted phosphoramido); —S(═O)₂NHR²⁶ or—NHS(═O)₂R²⁶ (sulfonamido); or —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂R²⁵ (acylsulfonamido);where R²⁶ and R²⁵ has the same meaning as defined above. Some of thesepreferred embodiments may be illustrated by partial Formulas (6.5.1)through (6.5.9):

5.1.5 D is a Moiety of Partial Formulas (1.1.6) through (1.1.9)

There are further embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) inwhich the D moiety comprises a group falling within the scope of partialFormulas (1.1.6) through (1.1.9):

where R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ have the same meaning as defined above. Forexample, R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each independently selected from —H; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —(C₂-C₄) alkenyl; —(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; phenyl; benzyl; andpyridyl; wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, orpyridyl is substituted by 0 to 3 substituents selected from the groupconsisting of —F, —Cl, —CF₃, —CN, and —(C₁-C₃) alkyl.

The keto groups of partial Formulas (1.1.6) and (1.1.9) are the samewith respect to the carbonyl linking entity, but differ with respect tothe attached group, R⁷ or R⁸:

R⁷ in the moiety of partial Formula (1.1.6) has the same meaning asdefined further above, but in preferred embodiments of the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) R⁷ has especially the meaning of —H; —(C₁-C₆) alkyl,preferably methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, or tert-butyl; —(C₂-C₆) alkenyl,preferably 2-propenyl; —(C₂-C₆) alkynyl, preferably ethynyl. Each ofthese meanings of R⁷ is optionally substituted by up to 3 substituentsR¹⁰. The meaning of R¹⁰ is the same as defined above, but is preferablyphenyl or pyridyl optionally substituted by up to 3 R¹¹ where R¹¹ ispreferably —F, —CF₃, —CN, —CH₃, or —OCH₃. R¹⁰ also preferably has themeaning of —F, —CF₃, —OR¹⁶, —CN; —C(═O)OR¹⁶, —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷, —NR¹⁶R¹⁷; or—NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁷, where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are preferably —H, methyl, ethyl,cyclopropyl, phenyl, benzyl, or pyridyl optionally substituted by up to3 of —F, or 1 of —CF₃, —CN, or —CH₃.

R⁷ also has the meaning of —(CH₂)_(u)—(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl where u ispreferably 0 or 1 and where (C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl is preferablycyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl optionally substituted by up to3 substituents R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ has the same preferred meanings as definedin the paragraph immediately above.

R⁷ also has the meaning of phenyl or benzyl, where said phenyl or benzyloptionally substituted by up to 3 substituents R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ has thesame preferred meanings as defined in the paragraph immediately above.

R⁸ in the moiety of partial Formula (1.1.9) has the same meaning asdefined further above, but in preferred embodiments of the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) R⁸ has especially the meaning of tetrazol-5-yl;1,2,4-triazol-3-yl; 1,2,3-triazol-5-yl; imidazol-2-yl; imidazol-4-yl;1,3,4-oxadiazolyl; 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl; 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl;1,2,5-thiadiazolyl; 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl; morpholinyl; oxazolyl;isoxazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; pyrrolyl; pyrazolyl; pyridyl;indolyl; benzo[b]furanyl; 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl; 1H-indazolyl;benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; benzisoxazolyl; benzothiazolyl;benzotriazolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; quinazolinyl; orquinoxalinyl.

Any of the above-recited especially preferred meanings of R⁸ isoptionally substituted on a carbon atom by R14 where R¹⁴ has the samemeaning as defined above; and on a nitrogen atom by R¹⁵ where R¹⁵ hasthe same meaning as defined above. Especially included in the case ofsuch nitrogen atom substituents, are all tautomer forms of the moietiesof partial Formula (1.1.9). Sulfur atoms of said moieties are optionallysubstituted by 1 or 2 oxygen atoms.

In order to illustrate further meanings of D that fall within the scopeof partial Formulas (1.1.6), (1.1.7), (1.1.8), and (1.1.9), there aredepicted below moieties of partial Formulas (3.3.1) through (3.3.15)that represent different meanings that fall within the scope partialFormula (1.1.7):

Further meanings of D are those that fall within the scope of partialFormula (1.1.8), in which a nitrile group, —C≡N, serves as abioisosteric replacement for the hydroxyl group of partial Formula(1.1.7). Accordingly, there are depicted below moieties of partialFormulas (3.8.1) through (3.8.10) that represent different meanings thatfall within the scope partial Formula (1.1.8):

In order to illustrate additional meanings of D that fall within thescope of partial Formulas (1.1.6), (1.1.7), (1.1.8), and (1.1.9), thereare depicted below moieties of partial Formulas (3.9.1) through (3.9.9)that represent different meanings that fall within the scope partialFormulas (1.1.6) and (1.1.9):

5.2 Linkage W¹ and (R⁴-, R⁵-, and R¹⁶)-Substituted Moiety I¹

The nicotinamide core nucleus is further elaborated by allowing the2-carbon atom in the pyridyl or pyrimidinyl ring of said nucleus to forma linkage to a ring comprising the moiety I¹. In preferred embodiments,the moiety I¹ has the meaning of a phenyl ring which is para-substitutedby a moiety R⁶, meta-substituted by a moiety R⁵, or substituted on anyof the remaining positions by a moiety R⁴, resulting in a moiety ofpartial Formula (1.0.3):

where W¹ has the meaning —O—; —S(═O)_(t)—, where t is 0, 1, or 2; or—N(R³)— where R³ is —H; —(C₁-C₃) alkyl; phenyl; benzyl; or —OR¹⁶; and ispreferably —H or —CH₃.

In other embodiments of the present invention, W¹ has the meaning—S(═O)_(t)—, where t is 0, 1, or 2; and preferably has the meaning —S—whereby a thioether linkage is formed. Where the sulfur atom of thethioether linkage is oxygenated, a sulfinyl or a sulfonyl linkageresults. In still further embodiments, where W¹ has the meaning of—N(R³)—, an amino linkage is formed, which preferably will be —NH—.Nevertheless, the nitrogen atom may be substituted and where this is thecase, it is preferred that said substituent be —CH₃.

The meanings of the R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ substituents are selected from thesame set of definitions, but it will be understood that said meaningsare selected on an independent basis from each other. R⁵ and R⁶ may alsobe —H. Accordingly, where the moiety I¹ has the meaning of a phenylring, the para- (R⁶), meta- (R⁵), or ortho- (R⁴)-position of the phenylring may be substituted, or all three positions may be substituted, orany combination of said positions may be substituted. It is preferred,however, in the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) that the para- and/ormeta-positions be substituted, rather than the ortho-position.

Where the moiety I¹ has the preferred meaning of a phenyl ring, R⁵ andR⁶ may also be taken together to form a member selected from a group ofpartial formulas described in more detail further below. Some of thesemeanings of R⁵ and R⁶ taken together also constitute preferredembodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)

R⁵ and R⁶ may be —H. In addition to —H, R⁵ and R⁶ may, inter alia, be—F; —Cl; —CN; —NO₂; —C(═O)R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶; —C(═O)OR¹⁶; or —NR¹⁶R¹⁷. Where R⁵is —H and R⁶ is —F, preferred embodiments of the present inventionresult. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, R⁵and R⁶ may also be —OR¹⁶, where R¹⁶ is hydrogen; (C₁-C₄) alkyl; or(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; wherein said alkyl and cycloalkyl are substituted by0 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of —F and —Cl.Other preferred embodiments are those wherein R¹⁶ is methyl;difluoromethyl; ethyl; or cyclopentyl.

The medicinal chemist will appreciate that the choice of substituentsfrom those described above will be influenced by the effect which suchsubstituents have in turn on the physico-chemical properties of theoverall molecules which result. The present state of the art providesthe capability of quickly and facilely synthesizing a very large numberof chemically very similar compounds based on the substituent choicesoutlined above, and of thereafter testing the relative effectiveness ofthe resulting molecules in rapid in vitro testing methods. Combinatorialchemistry synthesis and testing procedures currently available in theart have even more considerably expanded the number of substituentcombinations which can be rapidly evaluated. The information which hasthereby been produced through use of these techniques permits areasonable prediction herein of certain preferences which exist as tovarious embodiments of the present invention. Such preferred embodimentsare described in detail herein.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention further include thosewherein both R⁵ and R⁶ are both —F; wherein R⁵ is —H and R⁶ is —F; andwherein R⁶ is —H and R⁵ is —F; —OR¹⁶, e.g., —OCH₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, or—OCF₃; —CN; —COOH; —COOCH₃; —CONH₂; —OCOCH₃; or NH₂. The most preferredembodiments are those wherein R⁵ is —H and R⁶ is —F; R⁵ is —CN and R⁶ is—H; and R⁵ is —NO₂, —NH₂, —CN, —OCH₃, or —═O)CH₃, and R⁶ is —H.

R⁵ and R⁶ may also be selected from substituents comprising —(C₁-C₄)alkyl and —(C₁-C₄) alkoxy wherein said alkyl and alkoxy are substitutedwith 0 to 3 substituents —F or —Cl; or 0 or 1 substituent (C₁-C₂)alkoxycarbonyl-; (C₁-C₂) alkylcarbonyl-; or (C₁-C₂) alkylcarbonyloxy-.

5.3.0 I¹ is Phenyl and R⁵ and R⁶ are Taken Together

Where the moiety I¹ has the preferred meaning of a phenyl ring, R⁵ andR⁶ may also be taken together to form a moiety which is a memberselected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.3.1) through(1.3.15):

wherein R²⁰ and R²¹ are each a member independently selected from thegroup consisting of —H; —F; —Cl; —CH₃; —CH₂F; —CHF₂; —CF₃; —OCH₃; and—OCF₃; and R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently —H; —CH₃; —OCH₃; —CH₂CH₃;—OCH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH₂(CH₃)²; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃;—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; —C(CH₃)₃; or absent, in which case the dashed line ----represents a double bond. For the moiety of partial Formula (1.3.13) thenitrogen atom components thereof are represented as —[N(

O)]— and thus comprise optional nitrogen oxide forms of said nitrogenatoms, selected independently of each other. It will be appreciated thatsaid nitrogen oxide form may also be represented as —N(

O)_(j)]— where j is 0 or 1, as in Formula (1.0.0).

Where the moiety I¹ has the preferred meaning of a phenyl ring, andwhere R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form the moiety of partial Formula(1.3.1), and R²⁰ and R²¹ are both hydrogen, there is formed togetherwith the phenyl group to which it is attached, a 1,3-benzodioxole group.Analogously, the structure of partial Formula (1.3.4) forms a1,4-benzodioxan group.

Where the moiety I¹ has the preferred meaning of a phenyl ring, andwhere R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form the moieties of partialFormulas (1.3.1) through (1.3.15), and R²³ and R24 are as defined,benzofurazan, benzothiazan, triazole, and other analogous groups, aswell as substituted derivatives thereof are formed, including, interalia, the following moieties of partial Formulas: (2.1.1) through(2.1.20):

wherein the dashed line ---- in partial Formulas (2.1.18), (2.1.19), and(2.1.20) represents a double bond where no oxygen atom is attached tothe corresponding nitrogen atom, and represents a single bond where anoxygen atom is attached to said corresponding nitrogen atom.

The artisan of ordinary skill in the preparation of organic moleculeswill appreciate that the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) wherein R⁵ and R⁶are taken together to form moieties of the above-illustrated partialFormulas (2.1.2), (2.1.3), (2.1.7), (2.1.8), (2.1.10), (2.1.12), and(2.1.14) exist in tautomeric form, and each moiety of said partialFormulas (2.1.2), (2.1.3), (2.1.7), (2.1.8), (2.1.10), (2.1.12), and(2.1.14) has a tautomer counterpart. These tautomers are related by theshift of a hydrogen and one or more π-bonds, and whenever necessary, theskilled artisan will be able to readily discern or determine whichtautomeric form is present or is the most stable.

Still more preferred embodiments of the type comprising the moieties ofpartial Formulas (2.1.1) through (2.1.20) illustrated above are thosewherein R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety which is a memberselected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (2.1.1), (2.1.4)through (2.1.6), (2.1.11), and (2.1.16) through (2.1.20):

wherein the dashed line ---- in partial Formulas (2.1.18), (2.1.19), and(2.1.20) represents a double bond where no oxygen atom is attached tothe corresponding nitrogen atom, and represents a single bond where anoxygen atom is attached to said corresponding nitrogen atom.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention result directly from thedefinition of R⁵ and R⁶ as taken together to form a moiety which is amember selected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.3.1),(1.3.11), (1.3.12), and (1.3.15):

Accordingly, there further results moieties of partial Formulas (1.0.15)through (1.0.18):

where R²³ is —H or —CH₃; and W has the meaning of —O—; —S(═O)_(t)— wheret is 0,1, or 2; or —N(R³)— where R³ is as defined herein and ispreferably —H or —CH₃. In preferred compounds of Formula (1.0.0), W hasthe meaning of —O— whereby an ether linkage is created to attach thebenzo-fused, bicyclic heterocycle to the nicotinamide core nucleus.

In preferred embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0), R²³ andR²⁴ are both absent, except in compounds of the type illustrated bypartial Formula (1.3.11), where only one of R²³ or R²⁴ may be absent. Itwill be recognized that where R²³ and R²⁴ are both absent, and thedashed lines: --- accordingly represent double bonds, that the phenylportion of the resulting benzo-fused bicyclic heterocycles depictedcannot have all of the double bonds depicted in said partial Formulas,since the result would be prohibited pentavalent carbon atoms in saidphenyl portion.

Accordingly, where R²³ and R²⁴ are both absent, the resulting compoundsare characterized by such structures as those shown in partial Formulas(1.0.16) and (1.0.17) above.

In other embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) thesubstituents R²⁰ and R²¹ on the benzo-fused, bicyclic heterocyclesrepresented by partial Formula (1.3.1) are —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, or —CF₃. Preferably, R²⁰ and R²¹ are both —H or —F, in which casethe resulting compounds are characterized by the structure shown inpartial Formula (1.0.15) above, or its corresponding difluoro analog(not shown). The substituents R²³ and R²⁴ on the benzo-fused, bicyclicheterocycles represented by the moieties of partial Formulas (1.3.9)through (1.3.13) are each independently —H; —CH₃; —OCH₃; or absent inwhich case the dashed line - - - represents a double bond. It will beunderstood, of course, that where R²³ and R²⁴ are absent; there are nopentavalent carbon atoms in the phenyl portion of said benzo-fused,bicyclic heterocyles. The resulting benzo-fused, bicyclic heterocyclicstructures are shown in partial Formulas (1.0.16) through (1.0.18)above.

5.3.1 I¹ is Other than Phenyl

In addition to those embodiments of the present invention where I¹ hasthe preferrred meaning of phenyl, the present invention has also beendefined above as being concerned with a compound of Formula (1.0.0)wherein I¹ has the meaning defined above as a moiety comprising asaturated or unsaturated carbon ring system that is 3- to 7-memberedmonocyclic, or that is 7- to 12-membered, fused or discontinuous,polycyclic; wherein optionally one carbon atom thereof may be replacedby a heteroatom selected from N, O, or S, and where N is selected,optionally a second carbon atom thereof may be replaced by a heteroatomselected from N, O, or S. The present invention is further concernedwith a compound of Formula (1.0.0) wherein I¹ comprises especially amember selected from the group consisting of phenyl; pyrrolyl;pyrrolidinyl; furanyl; thienyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; piperidinyl;piperazinyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl; oxazolyl; isoxazolyl;morpholinyl; thiazolyl; indolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl;benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; quinuclidinyl; andazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl; a monocyclic —(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl moiety; amonocyclic —(C₅-C₇) cycloalkenyl moiety that is a member selected fromthe group consisting of cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl;and a bicyclic —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkyl or —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkenyl moietythat is a member selected from the group consisting of norbornanyl,norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl,bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, cyclodecanyl, andadamantanyl.

The present invention is still further concerned especially with acompound of Formula (1.0.0) wherein particularly I¹ and the substituentsR⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are selected in such a way that the left-hand terminus ofsaid compound of Formula (1.0.0) is represented by the following partialFormulas (1.8.1) through (1.8.72):

The character of the nicotinamide nucleus with an ether, thioether orsulfonyl linkage to a substituted phenyl group, which forms theleft-hand-side of the compound of Formula (1.0.0), has been discussedabove. The right-hand-side of the compound of Formula (1.0.0) comprises,in preferred embodiments where I² has the preferred meaning of phenyl, abenzyl group which is substituted by substituents R¹ and R². Preferably,only a single substituent, R¹ or R² is present, the single substituentR¹ or R² is in the 2-position, and the benzyl group is substituted inthe 4-position by the moiety containing the substituents R^(A), R^(B),and D. This preferred right-hand-side of the compound of Formula (1.0.0)may be represented by Formula (1.0.4):

5.4.0 I² Is Phenyl Substituted by R¹ and R²

The R¹ and R² substituents are each a member independently selected fromthe group consisting of —H; —F; —Cl; (C₁-C₃)alkyl; fluorinated- and/orchlorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl; fluorinated- and/orchlorinated-(C₁-C₃)alkoxy; (C₂-C₄)alkynyl; —CN; —NO₂; —OR¹⁶; and—C(═O)NH₂. Where R¹ and/or R² is —H there will be no substituent at anyposition, especially the 2-position of the phenyl group, attached to theremainder of the left-hand side of the molecule of Formula (1.0.0). Suchembodiments are not as preferred as those compounds of the presentinvention which have a substituent, especially one at the 2-position ofthe phenyl group. Thus, in some preferred embodiments of the compoundsof the present invention, the meaning of R¹ and R² is defined as —H;—Cl; —F; chlorinated- and/or fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl; chlorinated-and/or fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkoxy; or (C₂-C₄)alkynyl.

Where a 6-membered carbon ring system is involved, e.g., as in the caseof cyclohexyl, phenyl, or pyridyl, it is preferred in particular thatsuch a moiety defining I² be attached at its 1- and 4-positions, i.e.,that the points of attachment of said moiety be in para relationship toeach other. However, other configurations of such a 6-membered carbonring system defining I² are within the scope of the compounds of Formula(1.0.0), e.g., where the points of attachment are at the 1- and2-positions, or at the 1- and 3-positions of said 6-membered carbon ringsystem.

It is preferred to have a halogen group at the point of the moleculeoccupied by the R¹ or R² substituent, since it usually results inimproved performance. It is contemplated to be within the scope of thepresent invention that R¹ or R² is a small lipophilic group comprising—Cl or —F; chlorinated- and/or fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl; orchlorinated- and/or fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkoxy. Thus, the meaning of theR¹ or R² substituent, as well as of any other substituent of a compoundof Formula (1.0.0) that includes the definitions —Cl or —F; chlorinated-and/or fluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkyl; or chlorinated- and/orfluorinated-(C₁-C₃) alkoxy, is selected from the group consisting of thefollowing: —F —CH₂F —CHF₂ —CF₃ —CH₂CHF₂ —CH₂CHCF₂ —CH₂CF₃ —CHFCH₂F—CHFCHF₂ —CHFCF₃ —CF₂CF₂CF₃ —O—CH₂F —O—CHF₂ —O—CF₃ —O—CH₂CH₂F —O—CH₂CHF₂—O—CH₂CF₃ —O—CHFCH₂F —O—CHFCHF₂ —O—CHFCF₃ —O—CF₂CH₂F —O—CF₂CHF₂—O—CF₂CF₃

The selectivity of the overall molecule which is achieved by utilizing amoiety of this type as the R¹ and R² substituent may be due to theconformational alignment of the lipophilic moiety with a correspondinglipophilic zone in the PDE4 or PDE4D enzyme substrate, or it may be dueto the change in the lipophilicity of the overall molecule whichresults. Whatever the actual mechanism by which such selectivity isachieved, all such embodiments are contemplated to be within the scopeof the present invention.

5.4.1 I² is Other than Phenyl

The present invention has also been defined above as being concernedwith a compound of Formula (1.0.0) wherein I² has the meaning definedabove as a moiety comprising a saturated or unsaturated carbon ringsystem that is 3- to 7-membered monocyclic, or that is 7- to12-membered, fused or discontinuous, polycyclic; wherein optionally onecarbon atom thereof may be replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O,or S, and where N is selected, optionally a second carbon atom thereofmay be replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O, or S. The presentinvention is further concerned with a compound of Formula (1.0.0)wherein I² comprises especially a member selected from the groupconsisting of phenyl; pyrrolyl; pyrrolidinyl; furanyl; thienyl; pyridyl;pyrimidinyl; piperidinyl; piperazinyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl;oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; thiazolyl; indolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl;benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; morpholinyl; quinuclidinyl; andazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl; a monocyclic —(C₃-C₇) cycloalkyl moiety; amonocyclic —(C₅-C₇) cycloalkenyl moiety that is a member selected fromthe group consisting of cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl;and a bicyclic —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkyl or —(C₇-C₁₀) cycloalkenyl moietythat is a member selected from the group consisting of norbornanyl,norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl,bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, cyclodecanyl, andadamantanyl.

The present invention is also further concerned especially with acompound of Formula (1.0.0) wherein particularly I² and the substituentsR¹ and R² are selected in such a way that this portion of the right-handterminus of said compound of Formula (1.0.0) is represented by thefollowing partial Formulas (3.0.1) through (3.0.47) set out below.

5.5 The R^(A) and R^(B) Substituents

The group of partial Formula (1.0.4) above is substituted in the4-position by a moiety containing the substituents D, R^(A), and R^(B),which may be represented by partial Formula (1.1.8):

where m is 1, 2, or 3. In the more preferred embodiments of thecompounds of the present invention, m has the meaning of 0 or 1. When mis 1 the moiety —[R^(A)—C—R^(B)]_(m)— is present, and R^(A) and R^(B)are preferably each a member independently selected from the groupconsisting of —H and (C₁-C₄) alkyl; more preferably —H and —CH₃.

In other preferred embodiments of the present invention R^(A) and R^(B)may be taken together, but only in the case where m is 1, to form aspiro moiety of Formula (1.2.0):

where r and s are independently 0 to 4 provided that the sum of r+s isat least 1, but not greater than 5; X^(A) is —CH₂, —CHR¹¹, or —C(R¹¹)₂—where each R¹¹ is selected independently of the other and each R¹¹ hasthe same meaning as defined herein; —NR¹⁵— where R¹⁵ has the samemeaning as defined herein; —O—; or —S(═O)_(t), where t is 0, 1, or 2;and said spiro moiety is substituted as to any one or more carbon atomsthereof by 0 to 3 substituents R¹⁴, as to a nitrogen atom thereof by 0or 1 substituent R¹⁵, and as to a sulfur atom thereof by 0 or 2 oxygenatoms. Accordingly, there results, inter alia, the moieties illustratedby partial Formulas (1.2.1) through (1.2.12):

where t is 0, 1, or 2; and R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning as definedherein.

Preferred meanings of the R¹⁴ substituent include —F; —Cl; ═O; —OH;—CH₃; —OCH₃; —C(═O)OH; —C(═O)NH₂; —NH₂; —NHCH(CH₃)₂; —NHC(═O)CH₃;—NHC(═O)OCH₂CH₃; —NHS(═O)₂CH₃; and —S(═O)₂NH₂, resulting in moietiessuch as those of partial Formulas (3.1.1) through (3.1.34):

5.6 The R^(C) and R^(D) Substituents

As already described, R^(C) and R^(D) have the same meaning as definedabove for R^(A) and R^(B), except that one of them must be —H, and theyare selected independently of each other and of R^(A) and R^(B).Accordingly, all of the particular and preferred embodiments of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) detailed above with regard to the R^(A) andR^(B) substituents, are for the most part also particular and preferredembodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) with regard to the R^(C)and R^(D) substituents.

5.7 The Moiety —[N(R³)]_(j)—

The subscript j has the meaning of 0 or 1. Where j has the meaning of 1,which is the preferred meaning, the moiety —N(R³)— is present and thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) are essentially nicotinamides in structurewith respect to the left-hand side of the core nucleus. The nitrogenatom substituent R³ is preferably selected from —H; —(C₁-C₃) alkyl; and—(C₁-C₃) alkoxy; and is more preferably —H; —CH₃; or —OCH₃. In the mostpreferred embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0), R³ has themeaning of —H.

Where I¹ and I² both have the prefered meaning of phenyl; and j has themeaning of 0, which is a less preferred meaning than where j is 1, themoiety —N(R³)— is absent and the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) areessentially nicotinoyl moieties, i.e., ketones in structure with respectto the left-hand side of the core nucleus. Such a ketone structure inthe left-hand side of the core nucleus, together with benzyl as apreferred meaning of the I moiety, is represented by Formula (1.0.7):

where all of the substituents and components thereof, i.e., D; W; Y; k,m, and n; R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶; and R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), and R^(D);have, for the most part, the same particular and preferred meaningsdescribed in detail herein as in the case where j is 1 and the left-handside of the core nucleus of the compounds is a nicotinamide instructure.5.8 Preferred Subaenus and Species Embodiments of Formula (1.0.0)

In the above description various preferred aspects of the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) have been set forth. As a further demonstration of thescope and the content of the present invention, subgeneric embodimentsof the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are presented. Such preferredembodiments include, but are not limited to, those recited in thefollowing paragraphs (i) through (viii):

(i) A compound according to Formula (1.0.0) wherein where m is 1 or 2,and n is 1; ♦ R^(A) and R^(B) are —H, —CF₃, or —(C₁-C₆) alkylsubstituted by 0 or 1 of —F, —Cl, —CF₃, —CN, —NH₂, or —C(═O)NH₂, or bothtaken together are spiro —(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl- substituted by 0 or 1 of—F, —Cl, —CF₃, or —CN; ♦ one of R^(C) and R^(D) is —H, and the other is—H, —(C₁-C₄) alkyl, or phenyl, each substituted by 0 or 1 of —F, —Cl, or—CN; ♦ W¹ is —O— or —S—; ♦ W² is —O—; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a)is —H, —F, —Cl, —CN, —CH₃, or —OCH₃; ♦ R¹ and R² are —H, —F, —Cl, —CN,—NO₂, —OH, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCHF₂, or —OCF₃; ♦ R³ is —H or —CH₃; ♦ R⁴ is—H, —F, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, —CH₃, or —OCH₃; ♦ I¹ is phenyl; ♦ R⁵ and R⁶ aretaken together to form a moiety of partial Formula (1.3.1) where R²⁰ andR²¹ are —H or —CH₃; or a moiety of partial Formula (1.3.11), (1.3.12),or (1.3.15) where R²³ and R²⁴ are absent or are —H, or —CH₃; ♦ I² isphenyl, norbornanyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, or cyclohexyl; ♦ andD is —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷ is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; or tetrazol-5-yl;

(ii) A compound according to paragraph (i) wherein R^(A) and R^(B) areboth —CH₃, or one is —CH₃ and the other is —CH(CH₃)₂ or —C(CH₃)₃, or oneis —H and the other is —CH₃ or —CF₃, or both taken together are spirocyclopropyl or spiro cyclobutyl; ♦ one of R^(C) and R^(D) is —H and theother is —H or —CH₃; W¹ is —O—; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —H,—F, or —Cl; ♦ R¹ and R² are —H, —F, or Cl; ♦ R³ is —H; ♦ R⁴ is —H; ♦ R⁵and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety of partial Formula (1.3.1) or(1.3.11) where R²³ and R²⁴ are both absent; ♦ I² is phenyl, thienyl, orcyclohexyl; ♦ and D is —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷ is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; ortetrazol-5-yl;

(iii) A compound according to paragraph (ii) wherein R^(A) and R^(B) areboth —CH₃, or both taken together are spiro cyclopropyl; ♦ one of R^(C)and R^(D) is —H and the other is —H or —CH₃; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— whereR¹ _(a) is —H, —F, or —Cl; ♦ R¹ and R² are —H, —F, or Cl; ♦ R³ is —H; ♦R⁴ is —H; ♦ R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety of partialFormula (1.3.11) where R²³ and R²⁴ are both absent; ♦ I² is phenyl; ♦and D is —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷ is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; or tetrazol-5-yl;

(iv) A compound according to paragraph (iii) wherein R^(A) and R^(B) areboth —CH₃; ♦ R^(C) and R^(D) are both —H; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹_(a) is —H; ♦ and one of R¹ and R² is —H and the other is —F;

(v) A compound according to paragraph (iii) wherein Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))—where R¹ _(a) is —F; ♦ and R¹ and R² are both —H;

(vi) A compound according to paragraph (ii) wherein R^(A) and R^(B) areboth —CH₃, or both taken together are spiro cyclopropyl; ♦ one of R^(C)and R^(D) is —H and the other is —H or —CH₃; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— whereR¹ _(a) is —H, —F, or —Cl; ♦ R¹ and R² are —H, —F, or Cl; ♦ R³ is —H; ♦R⁴ is —H; R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety of partialFormula (1.3.1) where R²⁰ and R²¹ are both —H; ♦ I² is phenyl; ♦ and Dis —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷ is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; or tetrazol-5-yl;

(vii) A compound according to paragraph (vi) wherein R^(A) and R^(B) areboth —CH₃; ♦ R^(C) and R^(D) are both —H; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹_(a) is —H; ♦ and one of R¹ and R² is —H and the other is —F; and

(viii) A compound according to paragraph (vii) wherein Y is ═C(R₁ _(a))—where R¹ _(a) is —F; ♦ and R¹ and R² are both —H.

The above description various preferred aspects of the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) have been set forth. As a further demonstration of thescope and the content of the present invention, specific compoundscomprising embodiments of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) arepresented. Such species of Formula (1.0.0) include, but are not limitedto the following compounds of Formulas (5.5.1) through (5.5.106):NOMENCLATURE STRUCTURAL FORMULA[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]- acetic acid of Formula(5.5.1);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.2);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.3);

(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.4);

(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.5);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3- fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.6);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.7);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.8);

(S)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.9);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.10);

(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.11);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.12);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.13);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.14);

(R)-2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.15);

(R)-2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.16);

(R)-N-[4-(1-Carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.17);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-5-fluoro- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.18);

(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}- nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.19);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]- benzyl}-nicotinamide ofFormula (5.5.20);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.21);

(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}- nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.22);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.23);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-propoxy)- benzyl]-nicotinamide ofFormula (5.5.24);

(S)-3-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.25);

2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.26);

2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.27);

2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.28);

[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-acetic acid of Formula (5.5.29);

[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-acetic acid ofFormula (5.5.30);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-propionic acidof Formula (5.5.31);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-propionic acidof Formula (5.5.32);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-propionic acidof Formula (5.5.33);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.34);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.35);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.36);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-propionic acidof Formula (5.5.37);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-propionic acidof Formula (5.5.38);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-propionic acidof Formula (5.5.39);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.40);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.41);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.42);

[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]- acetic acid of Formula(5.5.43);

[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]- acetic acid of Formula(5.5.44);

[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-acetic acid of Formula (5.5.45);

[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-acetic acid of Formula (5.5.46);

[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-acetic acid of Formula (5.5.47);

[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-acetic acid ofFormula (5.5.48);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.49);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.50);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.51);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.52);

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.53);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.54);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.55);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.56);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.57);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.58);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.59);

2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.60);

2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.61);

2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2- methyl-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.62);

2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2- methyl-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.63);

2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino)-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2- methyl-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.64);

2-Methyl-2-[4-({[2-(2-methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.65);

[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2- yloxy]-acetic acid ofFormula (5.5.66);

(±)-2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.67);

(R)-2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.68);

2-[5-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2- yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.69);

2-[5-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2- yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.70);

(R)-2-[5-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.71);

[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2- yloxy]-acetic acid ofFormula (5.5.72);

2-[8-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yloxy]-2-methyl- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.73);

(R)-2-[3-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yloxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.74);

2-[3-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclopent-3-enyloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.75);

[5-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.76);

2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-7-fluoro-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yloxy]-2-methyl- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.77);

(R)-2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-furan-2- yloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.78);

(±)-2-[6-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-pyridin-3- yloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.79);

[2-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-oxazol-5-yloxy]- acetic acid of Formula(5.5.80);

2-[2-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-thiazol-5- yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.81);

(±)-2-[5-(1-{[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-ethyl)-pyridin-2- yloxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.82);

2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- 2-methyl-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.83);

2-[4-({(2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.84);

2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.85);

2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2- methyl-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.86);

2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-2-methyl- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.87);

2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2- methyl-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.88);

[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-acetic acid of Formula(5.5.89);

(±)-2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-N-{4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-cyclohexylmethyl}- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.90);

(±)-2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-N-{4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-cyclohexylmethyl}-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.91);

(±)-N-{2-Fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.92);

N-[2-Fluoro-4-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.93);

(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.94);

(±)-N-{2-Fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-2-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.95);

(±)-N-{2-Fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-2-(3-nitro-phenoxy)- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.96);

[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3- enyloxy]-acetic acid of Formula(5.5.97);

[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]- acetic acid of Formula(5.5.98);

[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-acetic acid of Formula (5.5.99);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Methoxy-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.100);

(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.101);

(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[5-fluoro-2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)- phenoxy]-propionic acid ofFormula (5.5.102);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Nitro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.103);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.104);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3,4-Difluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.105);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.106);

(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.107);

(S)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.108);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.109);

(R)-3-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.110);

(S)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(2-carbamoyl-propoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]- nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.111);

(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}- nicotinamide of Formula(5.5.112);

(±)-2-(3-Methoxy-phenoxy)-N-{4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.113);

2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-thiophen-2-yloxy]- propionic acid of Formula(5.5.114);

(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-methyl-2-oxo-2-(4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)- ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.115)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

6.0 Processes for Making the Compounds of Formula (1.0.0)

A suitable method for preparing a compound of Formula (10.0) thatbelongs to the class of ether acids, where W¹ and W² are both —O—, I² isphenyl, and D is a moiety of partial Formula (1.1.1), is illustrated inSynthesis Scheme (10.0.0) below.

where R¹ is —H or —F; R^(A) and R^(B) are —H or (C₁-C₄) alkyl R¹ _(a)and I¹ have the same meanings as defined above; and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ musthave the same meaning.

A suitable method for preparing a compound of Formula (1.0.0) thatbelongs to the class of triazoles, where W¹ and W² are both —O—, I² isphenyl, and D is a moiety of partial Formula (1.1.4) where v is 0 and R⁸is triazole, is illustrated in Synthesis Scheme (10.1.0) below. Thefirst step of Synthesis Scheme (10.1.0) illustrates the preparation ofether amides of Formula (1.0.0).

where R¹ is —H or —F; R^(A) and R^(B) are —H or (C₁-C₄) alkyl; R¹ _(a)and I¹ have the same meanings as defined above; and R¹⁴ has the samemeaning as above, and is preferably methyl, phenyl, or iso-propyl.

A suitable method for preparing racemic amino ether ester compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) where W¹ and W² are both —O—, I² is phenyl, and D is amoiety of partial Formula (1.1.1), is illustrated in Synthesis Scheme(10.2.0) below.

where R^(A) and R^(B) have the same meanings as defined above.

A suitable method for preparing enantiomeric amino ether ester compoundsof Formula (1.0.0) where W¹ and W² are both —O—, I² is phenyl, and D isa moiety of partial Formula (1.1.1), is illustrated in Synthesis Scheme(10.3.0) below.

where R^(A) and R^(B) have the same meanings as defined above.

Other suitable methods for preparing phenyl, pyridyl, and tetrazolylether compounds of Formula (1.0.0) where W¹ and W² are both —O—, I² isphenyl, and D is a moiety of partial Formula (1.1.4), where v is 0 andR⁸ is pyridyl or tetrazolyl, are illustrated in Synthesis Scheme(10.4.0) below.

where R¹ is —H or —F; R^(A) and R^(B) are —H or (C₁-C₄) alkyl: Q is CHor N; X is halo; and R¹ _(a) and I¹ have the same meanings as definedabove.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

7.0 Pharmaceutical Salts and Other Forms

The above-described compounds of the present invention may be utilizedin the form of acids, esters, or other chemical classes of compounds towhich the compounds described belong. It is also within the scope of thepresent invention to utilize those compounds in the form of theirpharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from various organic andinorganic acids and bases in accordance with procedures well known inthe art.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms of the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) are prepared for the most part by conventional means. Where thecompound of Formula (1.0.0) contains a carboxylic acid group, a suitablesalt thereof may be formed by reacting the compound with an appropriatebase to provide the corresponding base addition salt. Examples of suchbases are alkali metal hydroxides including potassium hydroxide, sodiumhydroxide, and lithium hydroxide; alkaline earth metal hydroxides suchas barium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide; alkali metal alkoxides, e.g.,potassium ethanolate and sodium propanolate; and various organic basessuch as piperidine, diethanolamine, and N-methylglutamine. Also includedare the aluminum salts of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).

For certain compounds of Formula (1.0.0) acid addition salts may beformed by treating said compounds with pharmaceutically acceptableorganic and inorganic acids, e.g., hydrohalides such as hydrochloride,hydrobromide, hydroiodide; other mineral acids and their correspondingsalts such as sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, etc.; and alkyl- andmono-arylsulfonates such as ethanesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, andbenzenesulfonate; and other organic acids and their corresponding saltssuch as acetate, tartrate, maleate, succinate, citrate, benzoate,salicylate, ascorbate, etc.

Accordingly, the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) include, but are not limited to: acetate,adipate, alginate, arginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate(besylate), bisulfate, bisulfite, bromide, butyrate, camphorate,camphorsulfonate, caprylate, chloride, chlorobenzoate, citrate,cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dihydrogenphosphate,dinitrobenzoate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, galacterate(from mucic acid), galacturonate, glucoheptanoate, gluconate, glutamate,glycerophosphate, hemisuccinate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate,hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide,2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, iodide, isethionate, iso-butyrate, lactate,lactobionate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, metaphosphate,methanesulfonate, methylbenzoate, monohydrogenphosphate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, oleate, pamoate,pectinate, persulfate, phenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate,phosphonate, phthalate.

Further, base salts of the compounds of the present invention include,but are not limited to aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric,ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, andzinc salts. Preferred among the above-recited salts are ammonium; thealkali metal salts sodium and potassium; and the alkaline earth metalsalts calcium and magnesium. Salts of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic basesinclude, but are not limited to salts of primary, secondary, andtertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurringsubstituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, e.g.,arginine, betaine, caffeine, chloroprocaine, choline,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine (benzathine), dicyclohexylamine,diethanolamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol,2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine,N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine,hydrabamine, iso-propylamine, lidocaine, lysine, meglumine,N-methyl-D-glucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamineresins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethanolamine, triethylamine,trimethylamine, tripropylamine, and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methylamine(tromethamine).

Compounds of the present invention which comprise basicnitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as(C₁-C₄) alkyl halides, e.g., methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl and tert-butylchlorides, bromides and iodides; di(C₁-C₄) alkyl sulfate, e.g.,dimethyl, diethyl and diamyl sulfates; (C₁₀-C₁₈) alkyl halides, e.g.,decyl, dodecyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides andiodides; and aryl-(C₁-C₄) alkyl halides, e.g., benzyl chloride andphenethyl bromide. Such salts permit the preparation of bothwater-soluble and oil-soluble compounds of the present invention.

Among the above-recited pharmaceutical salts those which are preferredinclude, but are not limited to acetate, besylate, citrate, fumarate,gluconate, hemisuccinate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide,isethionate, mandelate, meglumine, nitrate, oleate, phosphonate,pivalate, sodium phosphate, stearate, sulfate, sulfosalicylate,tartrate, thiomalate, tosylate, and tromethamine.

The acid addition salts of basic compounds of Formula (1.0.0) areprepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount ofthe desired acid to produce the salt in the conventional manner. Thefree base may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base andisolating the free base in the conventional manner. The free base formsdiffer from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physicalproperties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the saltsare equivalent to their respective free base forms for purposes of thepresent invention.

As indicated, the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) are formed with metals or amines, such asalkali metals and alkaline earth metals, or organic amines. Preferredmetals are sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Preferred organicamines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline,diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and procaine

The base addition salts of acidic compounds of the present invention areprepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount ofthe desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. Thefree acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with anacid and isolating the free acid form in the conventional manner. Thefree acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat inphysical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwisethe salts are equivalent to their respective free acid forms forpurposes of the present invention.

Multiple salts forms are included within the scope of the presentinvention where a compound of the present invention contains more thanone group capable of forming such pharmaceutically acceptable salts.Examples of typical multiple salt forms include, but are not limited tobitartrate, diacetate, difumarate, dimeglumine, diphosphate, disodium,and trihydrochloride.

In light of the above, it can be seen that the expression“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein is intended to mean anactive ingredient comprising a compound of Formula (1.0.0) utilized inthe form of a salt thereof, especially where said salt form confers onsaid active ingredient improved pharmacokinetic properties as comparedto the free form of said active ingredient or some other salt form ofsaid active ingredient utilized previously. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt form of said active ingredient may also initially confera desirable pharmacokinetic property on said active ingredient which itdid not previously possess, and may even positively affect thepharmacodynamics of said active ingredient with respect to itstherapeutic activity in the body.

The pharmacokinetic properties of said active ingredient which may befavorably affected include, e.g., the manner in which said activeingredient is transported across cell membranes, which in turn maydirectly and positively affect the absorption, distribution,biotransformation and excretion of said active ingredient. While theroute of administration of the pharmaceutical composition is important,and various anatomical, physiological and pathological factors cancritically affect bioavailability, the solubility of said activeingredient is usually dependent upon the character of the particularsalt form thereof which it utilized. Further, as the artisan willappreciate, an aqueous solution of said active ingredient will providethe most rapid absorption of said active ingredient into the body of apatient being treated, while lipid solutions and suspensions, as well assolid dosage forms, will result in less rapid absorption of said activeingredient.

Oral ingestion of an active ingredient of Formula (1.0.0) is the mostpreferred route of administration for reasons of safety, convenience,and economy, but absorption of such an oral dosage form can be adverselyaffected by physical characteristics such as polarity, emesis caused byirritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, destruction by digestiveenzymes and low pH, irregular absorption or propulsion in the presenceof food or other drugs, and metabolism by enzymes of the mucosa, theintestinal flora, or the liver. Formulation of said active ingredientinto different pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms may be effectivein overcoming or alleviating one or more of the above-recited problemsencountered with absorption of oral dosage forms.

A compound of Formula (1.0.0) prepared in accordance with the methodsdescribed herein can be separated from the reaction mixture in which itis finally produced by any ordinary means known to the chemist skilledin the preparation of organic compounds. Once separated said compoundcan be purified by known methods. Various methods and techniques can beused as the means for separation and purification, and include, e.g.,distillation; recrystallization; column chromatography; ion-exchangechromatography; gel chromatography; affinity chromatography; preparativethin-layer chromatography; and solvent extraction.

7.1 Stereoisomers

A compound within the scope of Formula (1.0.0) may be such that itsconstituent atoms are capable of being arranged in space in two or moredifferent ways, despite having identical connectivities. As aconsequence, said compound exists in the form of stereoisomers.Sys-trans isomerism is but one type of stereoisomerism. Where thestereoisomers are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other, theyare enantiomers which have chirality or handedness, because of thepresence of one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in their constituentstructure. Enantiomers are optically active and thereforedistinguishable because they rotate the plane of polarized light byequal amounts, but in opposite directions.

Where two or more asymmetric carbon atoms are present in a compound ofFormula (1.0.0), there are two possible configurations at each saidcarbon atom. Where two asymmetric carbon atoms are present, for example,there are four possible stereoisomers. Further, these four possiblestereoisomers may be arranged into six possible pairs of stereoisomersthat are different from each other. In order for a pair of moleculeswith more than one asymmetric carbon to be enantiomers, they must havedifferent configurations at every asymmetric carbon. Those pairs thatare not related as enantiomers have a different stereochemicalrelationship referred to as a diastereomeric relationship. Stereoisomersthat are not enantiomers are called diastereoisomers, or more commonly,diastereomers.

All of these well known aspects of the stereochemistry of the compoundsof Formula (1.0.0) are contemplated to be a part of the presentinvention. Within the scope of the present invention there is thusincluded compounds of Formula (1.0.0) that are stereoisomers, and wherethese are enantiomers, the individual enantiomers, racemic mixtures ofsaid enantiomers, and artificial, i.e., manufactured mixtures containingproportions of said enantiomers that are different from the proportionsof said enantiomers found in a racemic mixture. Where a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) comprises stereoisomers that are diastereomers, there isincluded within the scope of said compound the individual diastereomersas well as mixtures of any two or more of said diastereomers in anyproportions thereof.

By way of illustration, in the case where there is a single asymmetriccarbon atom in a compound of Formula (1.0.0), resulting in the (−)(R)and (+)(S) enantiomers thereof; there is included within the scope ofsaid compound all pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms, prodrugs andmetabolites thereof which are therapeutically active and useful intreating or preventing the diseases and conditions described furtherherein. Where a compound of Formula (1.0.0) exists in the form of (−)(R)and (+)(S) enantiomers, there is also included within the scope of saidcompound the (+)(S) enantiomer alone, or the (−)(R) enantiomer alone, inthe case where all, substantially all, or a predominant share of thetherapeutic activity resides in only one of said enantiomers, and/orunwanted side effects reside in only one of said enantiomers. In thecase where there is substantially no difference between the biologicalactivities of both enantiomers, there is further included within thescope of said compound of Formula (1.0.0) the (+)(S) enantiomer and the(−)(R) enantiomer present together as a racemic mixture or as anon-racemic mixture in any ratio of proportionate amounts thereof.

For example, the particular biological activities and/or physical andchemical properties of a pair or set of enantiomers of a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) where such exist, may suggest use of said enantiomers incertain ratios to constitute a final therapeutic product. By way ofillustration, in the case where there is a pair of enantiomers, they maybe employed in ratios such as 90% (R)-10% (S); 80% (R)-20% (S); 70%(R)-30% (S); 60% (R)-40% (S); 50% (R)-50% (S); 40% (R)-60% (S); 30%(R)-70% (S); 20% (R)-80% (S); and 10% (R)-90% (S). After evaluating theproperties of the various enantiomers of a compound of Formula (1.0.0)where such exist, the proportionate amount of one or more of saidenantiomers with certain desired properties that will constitute thefinal therapeutic product can be determined in a straightforward manner.

7.2 Isotopes

There is further contemplated to be included within the scope of acompound of Formula (1.0.0) isotopically-labelled forms thereof. Anisotopically-labelled form of a compound of Formula (1.0.0) is identicalto said compound but for the fact that one or more atoms of saidcompound have been replaced by an atom or atoms having an atomic mass ormass number different from the atomic mass or mass number of said atomwhich is usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes which are readilyavailable commercially and which can be incorporated into a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) in accordance with well established procedures, includeisotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur,fluorine and chlorine, e.g., ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C ¹⁵N ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P,³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively. A compound of Formula (1.0.0), aprodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of either whichcontains one or more of the above-mentioned isotopes and/or otherisotopes of other atoms is contemplated to be within the scope of thepresent invention.

An isotopically-labelled compound of Formula (1.0.0) may be used in anumber of beneficial ways. For example, an isotopically-labelledcompound of Formula (1.0.0), e.g., one in which a radioactive isotopesuch as ³H or ¹⁴C has been incorporated, will be useful in drug and/orsubstrate tissue distribution assays. These radioactive isotopes, i.e.,tritium, ³H, and carbon-14, ¹⁴C, are especially preferred for their easeof preparation and eminent detectability. Incorporation of heavierisotopes, e.g., deuterium, ²H, into a compound of Formula (1.0.0) willprovide therapeutic advantages based on the greater metabolic stabilityof said isotopically-labelled compound. Greater metabolic stabilitytranslates directly into increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements, which under most circumstances would constitute apreferred embodiment of the present invention. An isotopically-labelledcompound of Formula (1.0.0) can usually be prepared by carrying out theprocedures disclosed in the Synthesis Schemes and related description,Examples, and Preparations herein, substituting a readily availableisotopically-labelled reagent for its correspondingnon-isotopically-labelled reagent.

Deuterium, ²H, can also be incorporated into a compound of Formula(1.0.0) for the purpose of manipulating the oxidative metabolism of saidcompound by way of the primary kinetic isotope effect. The primarykinetic isotope effect is a change of rate for a chemical reaction thatresults from substitution of isotopic nuclei, which in turn is caused bythe change in ground state energies required for covalent bond formationsubsequent to said isotopic substitution. Substitution of a heavierisotope will usually result in a lowering of the ground state energy fora chemical bond, thereby causing a reduction in rate for a rate-limitingbond breaking step. If the bond-breaking event occurs on or near asaddle-point region along the coordinate of a multi-product reaction,the product distribution ratios can be altered substantially. By way ofillustration, when deuterium is bound to a carbon atom at anon-exchangeable site, rate differences of k_(M)/k_(D)=2-7 are typical.This difference in rate, applied successfully to an oxidatively labilecompound of Formula (1.0.0), can dramatically affect the profile of saidcompound in vivo and result in improved pharmacokinetic properties.

In discovering and developing therapeutic agents, the skilled artisanseeks to optimize pharmacokinetic parameters while retaining desirablein vitro properties. It is a reasonable surmise that many compounds withpoor pharmacokinetic profiles suffer from a lability to oxidativemetabolism. In vitro liver microsomal assays now available providevaluable information about the course of this oxidative metabolism,which in turn permits the rational design of deuterated compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) with improved stability through resistance to suchoxidative metabolism. Significant improvements in the pharmacokineticprofiles of compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are thereby obtained, and canbe expressed quantitatively in terms of increases in in vivo half-life(t/2), concentration at maximum therapeutic effect (C_(max)), area underthe dose response curve (AUC), and F; and in terms of decreases inclearance, dose, and cost-of-goods.

By way of illustration of the above, a compound of Formula (1.0.0) whichhas multiple potential sites for oxidative metabolism, e.g., benzylichydrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms α to a nitrogen atom, is prepared as aseries of analogs in which various combinations of hydrogen atoms arereplaced by deuterium atoms so that some, most or all of said hydrogenatoms are replaced with deuterium atoms. Half-life determinationsprovide an expedient and accurate determination of the extent ofimprovement in resistance to oxidative metabolism. In this manner it isdetermined that the half-life of the parent compound can be extended byas much as 100% as the result of such deuterium-for-hydrogensubstitution.

Deuterium-for-hydrogen substitution in a compound of Formula (1.0.0) canalso be used to achieve a favorable alteration in the metabolite profileof the parent compound as a way of diminishing or eliminating unwantedtoxic metabolites. For example, where a toxic metabolite arises throughan oxidative carbon-hydrogen, C—H, bond scission, the deuterated analogis reasonably expected to greatly diminish or eliminate production ofthe unwanted metabolite, even in the case where the particular oxidationis not a rate-determining step.

Further information concerning the state of the art with respect todeuterium-for-hydrogen substitution may be found, e.g., in Hanzlik etal., J. Org. Chem. 55 3992-3997, 1990; Reider et al., J. Org. Chem. 523326-3334, 1987; Foster, Adv. Drug Res. 14 1-40, 1985; Gillette et al.,Biochemistry 33(10) 2927-2937, 1994; and Jarman et al. Carcinogenesis16(4) 683-688, 1993.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

8.0 Therapeutic Applications and Clinical Endpoints

The description which follows concerns the therapeutic applications towhich the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) may be put, and where applicablean explanation of the clinical endpoints associated with suchtherapeutic applications. There is also set forth a disclosure ofvarious in vitro assays and animal model experiments, which are capableof providing data sufficient to define and demonstrate the therapeuticutility of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0).

The therapeutic utility of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) isapplicable to a patient or subject afflicted with a disease or conditionas herein set forth and therefore in need of such treatment. Thebeneficial results are therapeutic whether administered to animals orhumans. As used herein the terms “animal” and “animals” is used merelyfor the purpose of pointing out human beings as opposed to other membersof the animal kingdom. The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) have therapeuticapplicability in the treatment of mammals, and in particular of humans.All of the major subdivisions of the class of mammals (Mammalia) areincluded within the scope of the present invention with regard to beingrecipients of therapeutic treatment as described herein. Mammals havevalue as pets to humans and are therefore likely to be subjects oftreatment. This applies especially to the canine and feline groups ofmammals. Other mammals are valued as domesticated animals and theirtreatment in accordance with the present invention is likely in view ofthe adverse economic impact of not treating the diseases and conditionsdescribed herein. This applies especially to the equine, bovine,porcine, and ovine groups of mammals.

The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) inhibit the PDE4 isozyme and therebyhave a wide range of therapeutic applications, as described furtherbelow, because of the essential role which the PDE4 family of isozymesplays in the physiology of all mammals. The enzymatic role performed bythe PDE4 isozymes is the intracellular hydrolysis of adenosine3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) within pro-inflammatory leukocytes. cAMP, inturn, is responsible for mediating the effects of numerous hormones inthe body, and as a consequence, PDE4 inhibition plays a significant rolein a variety of physiological processes. There is extensive literaturein the art describing the effects of PDE inhibitors on variousinflammatory cell responses, which in addition to cAMP elevation,include inhibition of superoxide production, degranulation, chemotaxisand tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release in eosinophils, neutrophils andmonocytes.

PDE4 was first identified in 1985, Nemoz et al. Biochem. Pharmacol. 342997-3000, 1985, and the PDE4 inhibitors rolipram and denbufylline werestudied early on in clinical trials for CNS indications such asdepression. Subsequently, it was established that PDE4 is the principalphosphodiesterase in inflammatory leukocytes. The four subtypes of PDE4,ie., PDE4A, PDE4D, PDE4C, and PDE4D, are widely distributed in humantissues, as determined by the presence of their mRNAs. PbE4D isexpressed in kidney, thymus, small intestine, and colon tissues, and isstrongly expressed in brain, lung, skeletal muscle, prostate, andperipheral blood leukocyte (PBL) tissues. It is only weakly expressed inheart, placenta, liver, pancreas, spleen, testes, and ovary tissues.PDE4A and PDE4B are also strongly expressed in brain and skeletal muscletissues, and only weakly expressed in placenta, liver, and ovarytissues. PDE4C is strongly expressed in skeletal muscle tissue as well,and is also weakly expressed in ovary tissue. PDE4C is usually notdetectable in the majority of the above-mentioned tissues.

The PDE4 family of isozymes is the predominant form of phosphodiesterasefound in cell types implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, andamong bone-marrow derived cell types, only platelets do not express PDE.PDE4 is the major cAMP-metabolizing enzyme in immune and inflammatorycells, and is one of two major cAMP-metabolizing enzymes in airwaysmooth muscle. PDE4 is exclusively present in neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils, and monocyctes, while in macrophages PDE3 and PDE1 activity,and in T lymphocytes PDE7 activity has also been demonstrated. Thebeneficial anti-inflammatory effects of inhibitors of PDE have beendemonstrated heretofore using in vitro experiments, which haveestablished that such compounds inhibit superoxide generation in humanmonocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils; mediator release in basophils,macrophages, and neutrophils; and TNFα release in monocytes andmacrophages. PDE inhibitors also inhibit mediator release ofinflammatory cells like monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages, lungmast cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, alveolar macrophages, andeosinophils.

Beneficial anti-inflammatory effects have also been observed in vivoheretofore, including inhibition of microvascular leakage into the lungsof sensitized guinea pigs, and reduction of bronchial hyper-reactivityand eosinophilia in cynomolgus monkeys following repeated antigenchallenge. It has also been demonstrated heretofore that PDE4 inhibitorspotently suppress TNFα release from mononuclear phagocytes.

8.1 Asthma

One of the most important respiratory diseases treatable with PDE4,especially PDE4D inhibitors of the type within the scope of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) is asthma, a chronic, increasingly commondisorder encountered worldwide and characterized by intermittentreversible airway obstruction, airway hyper-responsiveness andinflammation. The cause of asthma has yet to be determined, but the mostcommon pathological expression of asthma is inflammation of the airways,which may be significant even in the airways of patients with mildasthma. Based on bronchial biopsy and lavage studies it has been clearlyshown that asthma involves infiltration by mast cells, eosinophils, andT-lymphocytes into a patient's airways. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) inatopic asthmatics shows activation of interleukin (IL)-3, IL-4, IL-5 andgranulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) that suggeststhe presence of a T-helper 2 (Th-2)-like T-cell population.

Compounds of Formula (1.0.0) inhibit PDE4 in human eosinophils and aretherefore useful in the treatment of atopic and non-atopic asthma. Theterm “atopy” refers to a genetic predisposition toward the developmentof type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions against commonenvironmental antigens. The most common clinical manifestation isallergic rhinitis, while bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and foodallergy occur less frequently. Accordingly, the expression “atopicasthma” as used herein is intended to be synonymous with “allergicasthma”, i.e., bronchial asthma which is an allergic manifestation in asensitized person. The term “non-atopic asthma” as used herein isintended to refer to all other asthmas, especially essential or “true”asthma, which is provoked by a variety of factors, including vigorousexercise, irritant particles, psychologic stresses, etc.

The use of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) to treat atopic asthma ornon-atopic asthma is established and demonstrated by the models of PDEinhibition, inhibition of eosinophil activation, and the cellinfiltration models described below.

Pulmonary Inflammation in Allergic Cynomolgus Monkeys—The ability of thecombinations of therapeutic agents of the present invention to inhibitAscaris antigen induced increases in the inflammatory cell content ofbronchial alveolar lavage fluid from cynomolgus monkey subjects isevaluated in this method. Using a cross-over design, 8-10Ascaris-sensitive cynomolgus monkeys are treated with vehicle or drug.At appropriate pretreatment time, each monkey is anesthetized (ketamine10 m/kg+xylazine 1 mg/kg, i.m.) and intubated with a cuffed endotrachealtube. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is performed using one 15 ml wash ofphosphate buffered saline (PBS) delivered through a pediatric fiberopticbronchoscope inserted through the endotracheal tube and wedged into athird to fifth generation bronchus. Lavage fluid is gently aspirated andcollected in a syringe. After BAL is complete, each animal receives a 2min exposure to a concentration of Ascaris suum aerosol which doublesrespiratory system resistance determined in previous experiments. Eachmonkey is returned to its cage and 24 hr later a second lavage isperformed, using 15 ml PBS, on the opposite side of the lung. One weekafter the first trial, control and treated monkeys are reversed and theexperiment repeated. To determine the percent composition of eachleukocyte type, two slides from each monkey BAL sample is obtained bycentrifuging 233 150 ul lavage fluid for 2 min @ 500 rpm in Cytospincentrifuge. Slides are stained in Diff-Quick for differential cell countand cells identified by standard morphological criteria. Total leukocytenumbers per milliliter of BAL fluid are determined by diluting 20 ul ofsample in 20 ml Isoton, adding 3 drops of Zapoglobin to lyseerythrocytes and reading the sample using a Coulter Counter. Comparisonsare made between the ratio of increase in bronchial alveolar lavageeosinophil, cytokine or mediator levels, pre-antigen challenge versus 24hours post antigen challenge, with and without drug treatment.

In the above test model the combinations of therapeutic agents of thepresent invention exhibit anti-inflammatory activity at dosages in therange of from 0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg l.v. or 0.01 to 10.0 mg/kg p.o. or0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg i.t.

Another useful assay, based on the use of primates, is that described inTurner et al., “Characterization of a primate model of asthma usinganti-allergy/anti-asthma agents,” Inflammation Research 45 239-245,1996.

Anti-inflammatory Activity—The anti-inflammatory activity of thecombinations of therapeutic agents of the present invention isdemonstrated by the inhibition of eosinophil activation as measured bysephadex bead stimulated LTE4 production in whole human blood. WholeBlood Assay for LTE4 using Sephadex Beads as Stimulant. On the daybefore the assay, siliconize glass tubes with Sigmacote (Sigma, Cat#SL-2). Before Drawing the blood, dilute compounds in DMSO 1000×, add 1μl of either DMSO or compound to each respective tube, and place rack oftubes in 37° C. water bath. Have Blood drawn into heparinized Vacutainertube #6480 (143USP units sodium heparin, 10 ml), 10 tubes=100 ml blood.Pool Blood tubes in two 50 ml conical tubes. Add 1 ml of whole blood toeach siliconized tube containing DMSO or compound VORTEX and thenincubate at 37° C. for 15 minutes. To prepare the Sephadex G-15 beads(Pharmacia, Cat# 17-0020-01) suspension, add 3.3 g. of Sephadex G-15,mix with 20 mis of PBS in a 100 ml beaker then mix with a magnetic stirbar. After 15 minutes, add 100 μl of Sephadex G-15 beads to each tubeexcept the Sephadex tubes which will provide the baseline value for LTE4release. Vortex and incubate for 90 minutes at 37° C. At the end of 90minutes incubation, add 20 μl of 15% EDTA, VORTEX and centrifuge for 5minutes at 1000 rpm. Then remove and save the plasma sample foranalysis. LTE4 levels are determined by Cayman's Cysteinyl-LT ELISA kit(Cat # 520501). Percent inhibition is calculated as 100×1-(LTE4concentration in the drug treated sample divided by the LTE4concentration in the non-drug treated control samples).

Compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are active in the above test method atconcentrations in the range of from 0.0001 μM to 20.0 μM, with preferredembodiments being active at concentrations in the range of from 0.5 nMto 1000 nM.

From the above it may be seen that compounds of Formula (1.0.0) areuseful for the treatment of inflammatory or obstructive airways diseasesor other conditions involving airways obstruction. In particular theyare useful for the treatment of bronchial asthma.

In view of their anti-inflammatory activity, their influence on airwayshyper-reactivity, and their profile in relation to PDE isoenzymeinhibition, in particular as selective PDE4 inhibitors, the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) are useful for the treatment, in particular prophylactictreatment, of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases. Thus, bycontinued and regular administration over prolonged periods of time thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in providing advance protectionagainst the recurrence of bronchoconstriction or other symptomaticattack consequential to obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases.The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are also useful for the control,amelioration or reversal of the basal status of such diseases.

Having regard to their bronchodilator activity the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) are useful as bronchodilators, e.g., in the treatment of chronicor acute bronchoconstriction, and for the symptomatic treatment ofobstructive or inflammatory airways diseases.

The words “treatment” and “treating” as used throughout the presentspecification and claims in relation to obstructive or inflammatoryairways diseases are to be understood, accordingly, as embracing bothprophylactic and symptomatic modes of therapy.

In light of the above description, it may be seen that the presentinvention also relates to a method for the treatment of airwayshyper-reactivity in mammals; to a method of effecting bronchodilation inmammals; and in particular, to a method of treating obstructive orinflammatory airways diseases, especially asthma, in a mammal subject inneed thereof, which method comprises administering to said subjectmammal an effective amount of a compound of Formula (1.0.0).

Obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases to which the presentinvention applies include asthma; pneumoconiosis; chronic eosinophilicpneumonia; chronic obstructive airways or pulmonary disease (COAD orCOPD); and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as well asexacerbation of airways hyper-reactivity consequent to other drugtherapy, e.g., aspirin or β-agonist therapy.

The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in the treatment of asthmaof whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; including intrinsic asthmaattributed to pathophysiologic disturbances, extrinsic asthma caused bysome factor in the environment, and essential asthma of unknown orinapparent cause. The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in thetreatment of allergic (atopic/bronchial/IgE-mediated) asthma; and theyare useful as well in the treatment of non-atopic asthma, including e.g.bronchitic, emphysematous, exercise-induced, and occupational asthma;infective asthma that is a sequel to microbial, especially bacterial,fungal, protozoal, or viral infection; and other non-allergic asthmas,e.g., incipient asthma (wheezy infant syndrome).

The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are further useful in the treatment ofpneumoconiosis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; including,e.g., aluminosis (bauxite workers' disease); anthracosis (miners'asthma); asbestosis (steam-fitters' asthma); chalicosis (flint disease);ptilosis caused by inhaling the dust from ostrich feathers; siderosiscaused by the inhalation of iron particles; silicosis (grinders'disease); byssinosis (cotton-dust asthma); and talc pneumoconiosis.

8.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are still further useful in thetreatment of COPD or COAD including chronic bronchitis, pulmonaryemphysema or dyspnea associated therewith. COPD is characterized byirreversible, progressive airways obstruction. Chronic bronchitis isassociated with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mucus secretingglands of the submucosa in the large cartilaginous airways. Goblet cellhyperplasia, mucosal and submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration,edema, fibrosis, mucus plugs and increased smooth muscle are all foundin the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. The small airways are knownto be a major site of airway obstruction. Emphysema is characterized bydestruction of the alveolar wall and loss of lung elasticity. A numberof risk factors have also been identified as linked to the incidence ofCOPD. The link between tobacco smoking and COPD is well established.Other risk factors include exposure to coal dust and various geneticfactors. See Sandford et al, “Genetic risk factors for chronicobstructive pulmonary disease,” Eur. Respir. J. 10 1380-1391, 1997. Theincidence of COPD is increasing and it represents a significant economicburden on the populations of the industrialized nations. COPD alsopresents itself clinically with a wide range of variation from simplechronic bronchitis without disability to patients in a severely disabledstate with chronic respiratory failure.

COPD is characterized by inflammation of the airways, as is the casewith asthma, but the inflammatory cells that have been found in thebronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sputum of patients neutrophils ratherthan eosinophils. Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators are alsofound in COPD patients, including IL-8, LTB₄, and TNF-α, and the surfaceepithelium and sub-epithelium of the bronchi of such patients has beenfound to be infiltrated by T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Symptomaticrelief for COPD patients can be provided by the use of β-agonist andanticholinergic bronchodilators, but the progress of the disease remainsunaltered. COPD has been treated using theophylline, but without muchsuccess, even though it reduces neutrophil counts in the sputum of COPDpatients. Steroids have also failed to hold out much promise assatisfactory treatment agents in COPD.

Accordingly, the use of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) to treat COPDand its related and included obstructed airways diseases, represents asignificant advance in the art. The present invention is not limited toany particular mode of action or any hypothesis as to the way in whichthe desired therapeutic objectives have been obtained by utilizing thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0). However, it is recognized in the art thatPDE4 is the predominant PDE in neutrophils and macrophages; Cheng etal., “Synthesis and in vitro profile of a novel series of catecholbenzimidazoles. The discovery of potent, selective phosphodiesteraseType IV inhibitors with greatly attenuated affinity for the [3H]roliprambinding site,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5 1969-1972, 1995; Wright et al.“Differential inhibition of human neutrophil functions: role of cyclicAMP-specific, cyclic GMP-insensitive phosphodiesterase,” Biochem.Pharmacol. 40 699-707, 1990; Schudt et al., “Influence of selectivephosphodiesterase inhibitors on human neutrophil functions and levels ofcAMP and Cai,” Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 344 682-690, 1991;and Tenor et al., “Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzymeactivities in human alveolar macrophages,” Clin. Exp. Allergy 25625-633,1995.

In order to provide a better understanding of the present invention, theinference is made here that the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) inhibitPDE4s in neutrophils, resulting in reduced chemotaxis, activation,adherence, and degranulation; Schudt et al., Ibid.; Nelson et al.,“Effect of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on thepolymorphonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst,” J. Allergy Clin.Immunol. 86 801-808, 1990; and Bloeman et al., “Increased cAMP levels instimulated neutrophils inhibit their adhesion to human bronchialepithelial cells,” Am. J. Physiol. 272 L580-587, 1997.

It is also inferred that the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) reducesuperoxide anion production mediated by PDE4s in peripheral bloodneutrophils, and that they regulate leukotriene synthesis mediated byPDE4s; Wright et al., Ibid.; Schudt et al., Ibid.; Bloeman et al.,Ibid.; Al Essa, et al., “Heterogeneity of circulating and exudatedpolymorphonuclear leukocytes in superoxide-generating response to cyclicAMP and cyclic AMP-elevating agents: investigation of the underlyingmechanism,” Biochem. PharmacoL 49 315-322, 1995; Ottonello et al.,“Cyclic AMP-elevating agents down-regulate the oxidative burst inducedby granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in adherentneutrophils,” Clin. Exp. Immunol. 101 502-506, 1995; and Ottonello etal., “Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced oxidative burst in neutrophilsadherent to fibronectin: effects of cyclic AMP-elevating agents,” Br. J.Haematol. 91 566-570, 1995.

It is further inferred that the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) inhibitCD11b/CD18 expression; Berends et al., “Inhibition of PAF-inducedexpression of CD11b and shedding of L-selectin on human neutrophils andeosinophils by the type-IV selective PDE inhibitor, rolipram,” Eur.Respir. J. 10 1000-1007, 1997; and Derian et al., “Inhibition ofchemotactic peptide-induced neutrophil adhesion to vascular endotheliumby cAMP modulators,” J. Immunol. 154 308-317, 1995.

It is still further inferred that the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)inhibit alveolar macrophage PDE4s, thereby reducing the release ofchemotactic factors and TNF-α; and that the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)increase synthesis and facilitate release from monocytes of theanti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which in turn is capable of decreasingthe generation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and GM-CSF by synovial fluid mononuclearcells, thereby augmenting the overall anti-inflammatory profile of thePDE4 inhibitors of Formula (1.0.0); Schudt et aL., “PDE isoenzymes astargets for anti-asthma drugs,” Eur. Respir. J. 8 1179-1183, 1995; andKambayashi et al., “Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase Type IVparticipates in the regulation of IL-10 and the subsequent inhibition ofTNF-alpha and IL-6 release by endotoxin-stimulated macrophages,” J.Immunol. 155 4909-4916, 1995.

The application of PDE4 inhibitors to the treatment of COPD in humanpatients has been demonstrated in clinical trials. Treatment withSB-207,499, represented by Formula (0.1.9) above, at a dose of 15 mgtwice a day for six weeks has been shown to result in increases in FEV,and forced vital capacity (FVC); Brown, W. M., “SB-207,499,”Anti-inflamm. Immunomodulatory Invest. Drugs 139-47, 1999. The clinicalefficacy of SB-207,499 has also been demonstrated in a four week trialthat has provided evidence of improved FEV₁; and in a six week study inCOPD patients receiving 15 mg twice a day that has also providedevidence of improved FEV₁; Brown, Ibid. SB-207,499 has already beendescribed further above and represented by Formula (0.1.9):

8.3 Bronchitis and Bronchiectasis

In accordance with the particular and diverse inhibitory activitiesdescribed above that are possessed by the compounds of Formula (1.0.0),they are useful in the treatment of bronchitis of whatever type,etiology, or pathogenesis, including, e.g., acute bronchitis which has ashort but severe course and is caused by exposure to cold, breathing ofirritant substances, or an acute infection; acute laryngotrachealbronchitis which is a form of nondiphtheritic croup; arachidicbronchitis which is caused by the presence of a peanut kernel in abronchus; catarrhal bronchitis which is a form of acute bronchitis witha profuse mucopurulent discharge; chronic bronchitis which is along-continued form of bronchitis with a more or less marked tendency torecurrence after stages of quiescence, due to repeated attacks of acutebronchitis or chronic general diseases, characterized by attacks ofcoughing, by expectoration either scanty or profuse, and by secondarychanges in the lung tissue; croupus bronchitis which is characterized byviolent cough and paroxysms of dyspnea; dry bronchitis which ischaracterized by a scanty secretion of tough sputum; infectiousasthmatic bronchitis which is a syndrome marked by the development ofsymptoms of bronchospasm following respiratory tract infections inpersons with asthma; productive bronchitis which is bronchitisassociated with a productive cough; staphylococcus or streptococcalbronchitis which are caused by staphylococci or streptococci; andvesicular bronchitis in which the inflammation extends into the alveoli,which are sometimes visible under the pleura as whitish-yellowgranulations like millet seeds.

Bronchiectasis is a chronic dilatation of the bronchi marked by fetidbreath and paroxysmal coughing with the expectoration of mucopurulentmatter. It may affect the tube uniformly, in which case it is referredto as cylindric bronchiectasis, or it may occur in irregular pockets, inwhich case it is called sacculated bronchiectasis. When the dilatedbronchial tubes have terminal bulbous enlargements, the term fusiformbronchiectasis is used. In those cases where the condition of dilatationextends to the bronchioles, it is referred to as capillarybronchiectasis. If the dilatation of the bronchi is spherical in shape,the condition is referred to as cystic bronchiectasis. Drybronchiectasis occurs where the infection involved is episodic and itmay be accompanied by hemoptysis, the expectoration of blood or ofblood-stained sputum. During quiescent periods of dry bronchiectasis,the coughing which occurs is nonproductive. Follicular bronchiectasis isa type of bronchiectasis in which the lymphoid tissue in the affectedregions becomes greatly enlarged, and by projection into the bronchiallumen, may seriously distort and partially obstruct the bronchus.Accordingly, the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in thebeneficial treatment of the various above-described types ofbronchiectasis as a direct result of their inhibition of PDE4 isozymes.

The utility of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) as bronchodilaors orbronchospasmolytic agents for treating bronchial asthma, chronicbronchitis and related diseases and disorder described herein, isdemonstrable through the use of a number of different in vivo animalmodels known in the art, including those described in the paragraphsbelow.

Bronchospasmolytic Activity In Vitro—The ability of the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) to cause relaxation of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscleis demonstrated in the following test procedure. Guinea-pigs (350-500 g)are killed with sodium pentothal (100 mg/kg i.p.). The trachea isdissected and a section 2-3 cm in length is excised. The trachea istransected in the transverse plane at alternate cartilage plates so asto give rings of tissue 3-5 mm in depth. The proximal and distal ringsare discarded. Individual rings are mounted vertically on stainlesssteel supports, one of which is fixed at the base of an organ bath,while the other is attached to an isometric transducer. The rings arebathed in Krebs solution (composition μM: NaHCO₃ 25; NaCl 113; KCl 4.7;MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.2; KH₂PO₄ 1.2; CaCl₂ 2.5; glucose 11.7) at 37° C. andgassed with O₂/CO₂ (95:5, v/v). Rings prepared in this manner, preloadedto 1 g, generate spontaneous tone and, after a period of equilibration(45-60 m), relax consistently on addition of spasmolytic drugs. Toascertain spasmolytic activity, test compounds of Formula (1.0.0) aredissolved in physiological saline and added in increasing quantities tothe organ bath at 5 m intervals to provide a cumulativeconcentration-effect curve.

In the above test model, compounds of Formula (1.0.0) produceconcentration-related relaxation of guinea-pig tracheal ringpreparations at concentrations in the range of from 0.001 to 1.0 μM.

The anti-inflammatory activity of the combinations of therapeutic agentsof the present invention is demonstrated by the inhibition of TNFαproduction in human whole blood stimulated with Lipopolysacharide (LPS).Compounds are analyzed in the presence of beta agonist (10 ng/ml) andIndomethacin (1 uM). Prepare 250 ml assay buffer 200 mM HEPES in RPMI1640 filtered. The following are performed at room temperature at thebench. Prepare “IP” cocktail in 50 ml polypropylene tube by adding 0.4ml of Indomethacin (stock 4 mM) and 0.4 ml of beta agonist (stock 0.04mg/ml) for f.v. 40 ml with assay buffer. Prepare compounds from powderstocks into DMSO to either 200 or 60 mM stock solutions. Makeeight-point half-log serial dilutions in glass vials or microtubes. Add0.01 ml of each compound dilution to the 5 ml polypropylene tubes where0.490 ml assay buffer and 0.50 ml “IP” cocktail is added for f.v. 1.0ml. (The compounds' assay f.c. 100-0.1 uM.) Prepare LPS solution suchthat 0.08 ml LPS (stock 1 mg/ml) is added to 40 ml assay buffer for f.c.2 ug/ml. 6. Prepare a 2% DMSO solution by adding 200 ul DMSO to 9.8 mlassay buffer. Add 10 ml of IP cocktail to the 2% DMSO solution. Thiscocktail is used for control wells such that Indomethacin assay f.c. is1 uM and beta agonist f.c. is 10 ng/ml. The following are performedunder the tissue culture hood. Add 0.0125 ml of diluted compound toappropriate well in U-bottom sterile Costar 96-well plate #3790. Add0.0125 ml LPS to all wells (f.c. 0.1 ug/ml) except negative controlwells. Fresh human whole blood is drawn (˜22 ml per 96-well plate)usually four green tops per donor into sterile heparin tubes kept at 37°C. Add 0.225 ml of whole blood to the plates. Cover, incubate at 37° C.,and rock for four hours. Centrifuge the plates at 2000 rpm for 10minutes. Prepare ELISA standards. Remove 100 ul serum into flat bottomplate. Dilute 1:20 by removing 15 ul and adding 285 ul RD6 diluent.Freeze @ −20° C. For analysis, thaw and add 200 ul to R & D Systems TNFαELISA. Process the plates according to R & D Systems protocol. Readplate at 450 nm using SoftMax Pro. Analyze and interpret with JavaFitter in order to determine IC50 values. A dose response curve of dataexpressed as percent control is plotted. A minimum of six triplicatepoints are generated for each compound. The IC50 values are calculatedusing the Java Fitter curve-fitting program under the “IC50 fix both”parameter.

In the above test model, combinations of therapeutic agents of thepresent invention produce concentration-related inhibition of TNFαproduction at concentrations in the range of from 0.001 to 1.0 μM.

8.4 Allergic and Other Types of Rhinitis; Sinusitis

Allergic rhinitis is characterized by nasal obstruction, itching, wateryrhinorrhea, sneezing and occasional anosmia. Allergic rhinitis isdivided into two disease categories, seasonal and perennial, in whichthe former is attributed to pollen or outdoor mould spores, while thelatter is attributed to common allergens such as house dust mites,animal danders, and mould spores. Allergic rhinitis generally exhibitsan early phase response and a late phase response. The early phaseresponse is associated with mast cell degranulation, while the latephase response is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils,basophils, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes. A variety of inflammatorymediators is also released by these cells, all of which may contributeto the inflammation exhibited in the late phase response.

A particularly prevalent form of seasonal allergic rhinitis is hayfever, which is marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation anditching, swelling of the nasal mucosa, nasal catarrh, sudden attacks ofsneezing, and often with asthmatic symptoms. The compounds of Formula(1.0.0) are especially useful in the beneficial treatment of hay fever.

Other types of rhinitis for which the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) maybe used as therapeutic agents include acute catarrhal rhinitis which isa cold in the head involving acute congestion of the mucous membrane ofthe nose, marked by dryness and followed by increased mucous secretionfrom the membrane, impeded respiration through the nose, and some pain;atrophic rhinitis which is a chronic form marked by wasting of themucous membrane and the glands; purulent rhinitis which is chronicrhinitis with the formation of pus; and vasomotor rhinitis which is anon-allergic rhinitis in which transient changes in vascular tone andpermeability with the same symptoms as allergic rhinitis, are brought onby such stimuli as mild chilling, fatigue, anger, and anxiety.

There is a recognized link between allergic rhinitis and asthma.Allergic rhinitis is a frequent accompaniment to asthma, and it has beendemonstrated that treating allergic rhinitis will improve asthma.Epidemiologic data has also been used to show a link between severerhinitis and more severe asthma. For example, the compound D-22888,under preclinical development for the treatment of allergic rhinitis,has been shown to exhibit a strong anti-allergic affect and to inhibitrhinorrhea in the antigen-challenged pig. See, Marx et 30 al “D-22888 -a new PDE4 inhibitor for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and otherallergic disorders,” J. Allergy Clin. ImmunoL 99 S444, 1997. Anotherexperimental compound, AWD-12,281 has been shown to be active in a ratmodel of allergic rhinitis. See Poppe et al “Effect of AWD 12-281, a newselective PDE-4 inhibitor, loteprednol and beclomethasone in models ofallergic rhinitis and airway inflammation in brown norway-rats,” Am. J.Respir. Crit. Care Med. A95, 1999. The compounds D-22888 and AWD-12,281have already been described further above and represented by Formulas(0.0.28) and (0.0.34), respectively:

Sinusitis is related to rhinitis in terms of anatomical proximity aswell as a shared etiology and pathogenesis in some cases. Sinusitis isthe inflammation of a sinus and this condition may be purulent ornonpurulent, as well as acute or chronic. Depending upon the sinus wherethe inflammation is located, the condition is known as ethmoid, frontal,maxillary, or sphenoid sinusitis. The ethmoidal sinus is one type ofparanasal sinus, located in the ethmoid bone. The frontal sinus is oneof the paired paranasal sinuses located in the frontal bone. Themaxillary sinus is one of the paired paranasal sinuses located in thebody of the maxilla. Accordingly, the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) areuseful in the beneficial treatment of acute or chronic sinusitis, butespecially of chronic sinusitis.

8.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Pain, Fever, and Gout

Arthritis is defined as inflammation of the joints, and rheumatoidarthritis is a chronic systemic disease primarily of the joints, usuallypolyarticular, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranesand articular structures, and by muscular atrophy and rarefaction of thebones. Late stages of rheumatoid arthritis are marked by ankylosis anddeformity. Rheumatoid arthritis is a crippling autoimmune disease ofunknown etiology which affects over 1% of the population.

As used herein, the term “rheumatoid arthritis” is intended to includewithin its scope where applicable related and associated forms ofarthritis well known in the art, since these may also be treated withthe compounds of Formula (1.0.0). Accordingly, the term “rheumatoidarthritis” includes acute arthritis, which is arthritis marked by pain,heat, redness, and swelling due to inflammation, infection, or trauma;acute gouty arthritis, which is acute arthritis associated with gout;chronic inflammatory arthritis, which is inflammation of the joints inchronic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis; degenerative arthritis,which is osteoarthritis; infectious arthritis, which is arthritis causedby bacteria, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, viruses, fungi, or parasites;Lyme arthritis, which is arthritis of the large joints associated withLyme 20 disease; proliferative arthritis, which is inflammation of thejoints with proliferation of the synovium, seen in rheumatoid arthritis;psoriatic arthritis, which is a syndrome in which psoriasis occurs inassociation with inflammatory arthritis; and vertebral arthritis, whichis inflammation involving the intervertebral disks.

The three major pathological features of rheumatoid arthritis that areresponsible for progressive joint destruction are inflammation, abnormalcellular and humoral responses, and synovial hyperplasia. The particularcellular pathology of rheumatoid arthritis includes the presence ofT-cells and monocytes. The T-cells, which are predominantly memoryT-cells, constitute up to 50% of the cells recovered from the synovialtissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients; and of the monocytes found inthe same tissue, 30-50% are antigen presenting cells, which isindicative of the autoimmune character of the disease. Pro-inflammatorycytokines, e.g., IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, and TNF-α, are themajor contributors to joint tissue damage, inflammation, hyperplasia,pannus formation and bone resorption. See Firestein, G. S. and Zvaifier,W. J., “How important are T-cells in chronic rheumatoid synovitis?”Arth. Rheum. 33 768-773, 1990. This has been demonstrated, e.g., by thefact that monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to TNF-α have shown promise in RAclinical trials; Maini el al, “Beneficial effects of tumor necrosisfactor-alpha (TNF-α blockade in rheumatoid arthritis (RA),” Clin. Exp.Immunol. 101 207-212, 1995.

The PDE4 inhibitors of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis as a result of their ability to suppress theactivity of a variety of inflammatory cells, including basophils,eosinophils, and mast cells. These inhibitory activities of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) have already been described further above,as has their wide range of in vitro anti-inflammatory action via therelease of reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, and inflammatorycytokines, e.g., IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. See further Cohan et al, “Invitro pharmacology of the novel phosphodiesterase Type IV inhibitor,CP-80,633,” J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 278 1356-1361, 1996; and Barnette etal, “SB207499 (Ariflo), a potent and selective second generationphosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor: in vitro anti-inflammatory actions,” J.Pharm. Exp. Ther. 284 420-426, 1998. The PDE4 inhibitors of Formula(1.0.0) are also useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as aresult of their effectiveness in inhibiting T-cell proliferationmediated via a number of different agents, including antigens such ashouse dust mite, which has been demonstrated in the art; Barnette el al,Ibid. The ability of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) to facilitate therelease of cytokine IL-10 from monocytes, which in turn is capable ofdecreasing the generation of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13,and GM-CSF by synovial fluid mononuclear cells, further augments theoverall anti-inflammatory profile of the PDE4 inhibitors ofFormula(1.0.0); Kambayashi el al, Ibid. Further, the ability of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) to inhibit TNF-α release from stimulatedmonocytes can be correlated with animal models of inflammation in whichanti-inflammatory effects can be shown to correspond to suppression ofTNF-α accumulation. One such animal model involves inhibition of LPSinduced TNF-α release in mice by oral administration of a PDE4inhibitor; Cheng et al, “The phosphodiesterase Type 4 (PDE4) inhibitorCP-80,633 elevates cyclic AMP levels and decreases TNF-α production inmice: effect of adrenalectomy,” J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 280 621-626, 1997.Another such animal model involves the inhibition of rat paw edema,induced by carageenan, by oral administration of rolipram; Singh el al,“Synovial fluid levels of tumor necrosis factor a in the inflamed ratknee: Modulation by dexamethasone and inhibitors of matrixmetalloproteinases and phosphodiesterases,” Inflamm. Res. 46 (Suppl. 2)S153-S154, 1997.

Gout refers to a group of disorders of purine metabolism, and fullydeveloped gout is manifested by various combinations of hyperuricemia,recurrent, characteristic acute inflammatory arthritis induced bycrystals of monosodium urate monohydrate, tophaceous deposits of saidcrystals in and around the joints of the extremities, which may lead tojoint destruction and severe crippling, and uric acid urolithiasis.Rheumatic gout is another name for rheumatoid arthritis. Tophaceous goutis gout in which there are tophi or chalky deposits of sodium urate.Some therapeutic agents are useful in treating both gout and itsattendant inflammation, e.g., phenylbutazone and colchicine; while othertherapeutic agents possess only uricosuric properties, e.g.,sulfinpyrazone and benzbromarone

Fever, or pyrexia, may be the result of any one of a large number ofdifferent factors, but with regard to the present invention such feveris either that manifested in pharyngoconjunctival fever or rheumaticfever, or that manifested during inflammation. A concomitant ofinflammation is pain, especially that experienced in the joints andconnective tissue of those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and gout.

Accordingly, the PDE4 inhibitory compounds of Formula (1.0.0) providebeneficial results in the treatment of gout, and fever and painassociated with inflammation.

Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis have also been used in the art forthe purpose of demonstrating the correlation between in vivo modulationof TNF-α by PDE4 inhibitors and their utility in the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis. The activity of rolipram in animal models of acuteinflammation such as the mouse adjuvant arthritis model, has beendemonstrated in the art; Sekut et al, “Anti-inflammatory activity ofphosphodiesterase (PDE) IV inhibitors in acute and chronic models ofinflammation,” Olin. Exp. Immunol. 100(1) 126-132, 1995. The ability ofrolipram to reduce disease severity in the collagen 11 induced arthritis(CIA) model after sc. or ip. injection has been demonstrated in the art;Nyman et al, “Amelioration of collagen 11 induced arthritis in rats byType IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram,’ Olin. Exp. Immunol. 108415-419, 1997. In this study the dosing regimen for rolipram was 2 mg/kgtwice daily for five days before the onset of arthritis, and itsignificantly delayed the appearance of arthritic symptoms. After thecessation of treatment the test animals developed arthritis and reachedthe same arthritis top score as the control group. In the same studyrolipram was also administered at 3 mg/kg twice daily at the time pointwhen arthritis was apparent. This treatment drastically changed thedevelopment of the disease whereby progression of severity was haltedand even after the cessation of treatment, the arthritis score did notreach the levels observed in untreated animals. The investigators werealso able to demonstrate a strong down-regulation of TNF-α and IFN-γmRNA expression in regional lymph nodes, which suggests that the majoreffect of rolipram is exerted in the effector phase of the inflammatoryprocess. Nyman et al, Ibid.

Inhibition of TNF-α Production by Human Monocytes In Vitro—Theinhibitory effect of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) on in vitro TNF-αproduction by human monocytes may be determined in accordance with theprotocol described in EP 411 754 (Badger et al) and WO 90/15534 (Hanna).The referenced publications also describe two models of endotoxic shockwhich may be used to determine in vivo inhibitory activity of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0). The protocols used in these models aredetailed and test compounds demonstrate a positive result by reducingserum levels of TNF-α induced by the injection of endotoxin.

Selective PDE4 inhibitors such as RP73401 have been shown to exhibitsignificant amelioration of disease, especially improvements in jointdestruction, synovitis, and fibrosis, in animal models such as thoseinvolving streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis; Souness etal, “Potential of phosphodiesterase Type IV inhibitors in the treatmentof rheumatoid arthritis,” Drugs 1541-553, 1998.

Of particular interest to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is theobservation that PDE4 inhibitors have positive effects at the site ofaction of the disease. For example, RP73401 has been demonstrated todecrease TNF-α mRNA expression at the pannus/cartilage interface of pawjoints of collagen 11 treated mice. Souness et al, Ibid. RP73401 hasalso been studied clinically in rheumatoid arthritis patients in aplacebo-controlled, double-blind Phase II study of 35 rheumatoidarthritis patients administered 400 pg of the compound t.i.d. Thecompound was able to induce a positive trend towards clinicalimprovement associated with a reduction in C-reactive protein and IL-6serum levels. Chikanza et al, “The clinical effects of RP73401phosphodiesterase Type 4 inhibitor in patients with rheumatoidarthritis,” Br. J. RheumatoL 36: Abstr. Suppl. I, 186, 1997.

Assaying Increased cAMP Accumulation in Intact Tissues Using U-937Cells—Another assay suitable for demonstrating the PDE4 inhibitingactivity of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) is one which utilizes U-937cells from a human monocyte cell line that has been shown to contain alarge amount of PDE4. In order to assess the inhibition of PDE4 activityin intact cells, non-differentiated U-937 cells at a density ofapproximately 10⁵ cells per reaction tube are incubated withconcentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1000 pM of test compound for oneminute, and with 1 μM of prostaglandin E2 for an additional fourminutes. Five minutes after initiating the reaction, cells are lysed bythe addition of 17.5% perchloric acid, after which the pH is brought toneutral by the addition of 1 M potassium carbonate. The cAMP content ofthe reaction tube is measured using RIA techniques. A detailed protocolfor carrying out this assay is described in Brooker et al,“Radioimmunoassay of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP,” Adv. Cyclic NucleotideRes. 10 1-33, 1979.

8.6 Eosinophil-Related Disorders

The ability of the PDE4 inhibitory compounds of Formula (1.0.0) toinhibit eosinophil activation as part of their overall anti-inflammatoryactivity has been described above. Accordingly, the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) are useful in the therapeutic treatment of eosinophil-relateddisorders. Such disorders include eosinophilia, which is the formationand accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils in theblood. The name of the disorder derives from “eosin”,a rose-coloredstain or dye comprising a bromine derivative of fiuorescein whichreadily stains “eosinophilic leukocytes” in the blood of patients whoare thus readily identified. A particular eosinophilic disorder that canbe treated in accordance with the present invention is pulmonaryinfiltration eosinophilia, which is characterized by the infiltration ofthe pulmonary parenchyma by eosinophils. This disorder includesespecially Loffler's syndrome, which is a condition characterized bytransient infiltrations of the lungs, accompanied by cough, fever,dyspnea, and eosinophilia.

Other eosinophilic disorders include chronic eosinophilic pneumonia,which is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by cough,dyspnea, malaise, fever, night sweats, weight loss, eosinophilia, and achest film revealing non-segmental, non-migratory infiltrates in thelung periphery; tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, which is a subacute orchronic form of occult filariasis, usually involving Brugia malayi,Wuchereria bancrofti, or filariae that infect animals, occurs in thetropics, and is characterized by episodic nocturnal wheezing andcoughing, strikingly elevated eosinophilia, and diffuse reticulonodularinfiltrations of the lungs; bronchopneumonic aspergillosis, which is aninfection of the bronchi and lungs by Aspergillus funga resulting in adiseased condition marked by inflammatory granulomatous lesions in thenasal sinuses and lungs, but also in the skin, ear, orbit, and sometimesin the bones and meninges, and leading to aspergilloma, the most commontype of fungus ball formed by colonization of Aspergillus in a bronchusor lung cavity.

The term “granulomatous” means containing granulomas, and the term“granuloma” refers to any small nodular delimited aggregation ofmononuclear inflammatory cells or such a collection of modifiedmacrophages resembling epithelial cells, usually surrounded by a rim oflymphocytes, with fibrosis commonly seen around the lesion. Somegranulomas contain eosinophils. Granuloma formation represents a chronicinflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectiousagents. A number of such granulomatous conditions are treatable using acompound of Formula (1.0.0), e.g., allergic granulomatous angiitis, alsocalled Churg-Strauss syndrome, which is a form of systemic necrotizingvasculitis in which there is prominent lung involvement, generallymanifested by eosinophilia, granulomatous reactions, and usually severeasthma. A related disorder is polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), which ismarked by multiple inflammatory and destructive arterial lesions and isa form of systemic necrotizing vasculitis involving the small andmedium-sized arteries with signs and symptoms resulting from infarctionand scarring of the affected organ system, in particular the lungs.Other eosinophil-related disorders which may be treated in accordancewith the present invention are those affecting the airways which areinduced or occasioned by a reaction to a therapeutic agent unrelated toany compound of Formula (1.0.0).

8.7 Atopic Dermatitis, Urticaria, Conjunctivitis, and Uveitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder seen inindividuals with a hereditary predisposition to a lowered cutaneousthreshold to pruritis, that is often accompanied by allergic rhinitis,hay fever, and asthma, and that is principally characterized by extremeitching. Atopic dermatitis is also called allergic dermatitis, andallergic or atopic eczema.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skindisease in young children, and it affects from 10% to 15% of thepopulation during childhood. Atopic dermatitis is frequently associatedwith asthma and allergies and it has therefore become known as acomponent of the so-called “atopic triad”,since it occurs frequently inindividuals with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. See Leung Dym, AtopicDermatitis: From Pathogenesis To Treatment, R. G. Landes Co., Austin,Tex., 1-226, 1996. Accordingly, the immune dysfunction associated withatopic dermatitis is treatable with therapeutic agents that areinhibitors of PDE4. For example, rolipram, Ro-201724, and denbufyllinehave been reported to produce a concentration-related inhibition of theproliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBM) fromnormal patients as well as from subjects with atopic dermatitis. See,respectively, Torphy et al., Drugs and the Lung, Eds. Page and Metzger,Raven Press, New York, 1994; and O'Brien, Mol. Medicine Today, 369,1997. These studies also determined that the proliferative response ofHPBM from atopic dermatitis patients was more sensitive to PDE4inhibition than was the proliferation observed in HPBM from normalsubjects.

Th2 type cytokine secreting T-cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyteassociated antigen play a central role in the induction of local IgEresponses and the recruitment of eosinophils in this disease. Thechronic inflammation seen in atopic dermatitis is considered to be theresult of several interdependent factors, such as repeated or persistentallergen exposure, which can lead to Th2 cell expansion. It has beendemonstrated that there is an increased frequency of allergen specificT-cells producing increased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-3 levels in the blood ofatopic dermatitis patients. See Leung Dym et al., “Allergic andimmunological skin disorders,” JAMA 278(22) 1914-1923, 1997. This issignificant because IL-4 and IL-3 induce the expression of vascularadhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), an adhesion molecule involved in themigration of mononuclear cells and eosinophils into sites of tissueinflammation. Further, IL-5 is a key mediator of eosinophil activation,which is a common feature of atopic disease.

Increased concentration of cAMP in lymphocytes and basophils has longbeen known to be associated with decreased mediator release from thosecells, and more recently it has been reported that histamine acting onH2 receptors increases cAMP levels and inhibits IL-4 production inmurine Th2 cells. It is surmised, accordingly, that there is present inatopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, impaired P-adrenergicresponses or enhanced PDE4 activity of leukocyte inflammatory responses.A diminished cAMP response may result from an enhanced PDE4 activitythat has a genetic basis or that is an acquired condition.

Studies have been carried out which compare different cell types fromatopic patients with those from healthy volunteers, and the results haveshown that increased cAMP-PDE activity in atopic cells correlates withabnormal inflammatory and immune cell function in atopic dermatitis.Further, the PDE4 enzyme from atopic leukocytes is more sensitive toPDE4 inhibitors than the PDE4 enzyme from normal leukocytes, and up to a14-fold difference has been demonstrated. See Chan and Hanifin,“Differential inhibitory effects of cAMP phosphodiesterase isoforms inatopic and normal leukocytes,” J. Lab. Clin. Med., 121(1) 44-51, 1993.An increased sensitivity can also be seen in the inhibition ofproliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopic donorson treatment with PDE4 inhibitors. For example, rolipram has been foundto be more effective at inhibiting PHA stimulated atopic dermatitis PBMCproliferation than at inhibiting PHA stimulated normal PBMCproliferation, with an IC₅₀=280 nM compared to an IC₅₀=2600 nM,respectively.

Further, it has been shown that a structurally diverse range ofselective PDE4 inhibitors are effective in reducing skin eosinophilia inthe guinea pig which has been mediated via a range of agents such asPAF, arachidonic acid, zymosan activated plasma, and protein ofcutaneous anaphylaxis. See Beasley et al., “Synthesis and evaluation ofa novel series of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. A potential treatmentfor asthma,” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letts. 8 2629-2634, 1998. Such datashows the utility of PDE4 inhibitors in treating eosinophil driven skindiseases. Such treatment is by means of topical administration, e.g.,topical atizoram applied bilaterally over eight days to twenty patientsin a clinical trial has been found to effectively inhibit all of theinflammatory parameters tested, showing both qualitative andquantitative improvements with no adverse effects. See Hanifin et al,“Type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors have clinical and in vitroanti-inflammatory effects in atopic dermatitis,” J. Invest. Dermatol.107 51-56, 1996.

Accordingly, the PDE4 inhibitors of Formula (1.0.0) are useful for thebeneficial treatment of atopic dermatitis as described above. A relatedarea of therapeutic application for which the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) also produce beneficial results is in the treatment ofurticaria. Urticaria is a vascular reaction, usually transient,involving the upper dermis, representing localized edema caused bydilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and marked bythe development of wheals or hives. Many different stimuli are capableof inducing an urticarial reaction, and it may be classified accordingto precipitating causes, as: immune-mediated, complement-mediated whichmay involve immunologic or nonimmunologic mechanisms, urticariogenicmaterial-induced, physical agent-induced, stress-induced, or idiopathic.The condition may also be designated acute or chronic depending on theduration of an attack. Angioedema is the same response in the deepdermis or subcutaneous or submucosal tissues.

The most common types of urticaria which are treatable with thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) are cholinergic urticaria which ischaracterized by the presence of distinctive punctate wheals surroundedby areas of erythema, thought to be a nonimmunologic hypersensitivityreaction in which acetylcholine released from parasympathetic or motornerve terminals induces release of mediators from mast cells, and evokedby conditions of exertion, stress, or increased environmental heat; coldurticaria which is urticaria precipitated by cold air, water, orobjects, occurring in two forms: In the autosomal dominant form which isassociated with fevers, arthralgias, and leukocytosis, the lesionspresent are erythematous, burning papules and macules, and in the morecommon acquired form which is usually idiopathic and self-limited;contact urticaria which is a localized or generalized transientwheal-and-flare response elicited by exposure to rapidly absorbableurticariogenic agents, giant urticaria which is angioedema; and papularurticaria which is a persistent cutaneous eruption representing ahypersensitivity reaction to insect bites.

Accordingly, the PDE4 inhibitors of Formula (1.0.0) are useful for thebeneficial treatment of the various types of urticaria as describedabove. A related area of therapeutic application for which the compoundsof Formula (1.0.0) also produce beneficial results is in variousophthalmic uses, in particular in the treatment of conjunctivitis anduveitis.

The conjunctiva is a delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and coversthe exposed surface of the sclera. Conjunctivitis is an inflammation ofthe conjunctiva that generally consists of conjunctival hyperemiaassociated with a discharge. The most common types of conjunctivitis,which are treatable with the compounds of Formula (1.0.0), are actinicconjunctivitis produced by ultraviolet light; acute catarrhalconjunctivitis which is an acute, infectious conjunctivitis associatedwith cold or catarrh and characterized by vivid hyperemia, edema, lossof translucence, and mucous or mucopurulent discharge; acute contagiousconjunctivitis which is a mucopurulent, epidemic conjunctivitis causedby Haemophilus aegyptius that has the same symptoms as acute catarrhalconjunctivitis and is also called “pinkeye”; allergic conjunctivitiswhich is a component of hay fever; atopic conjunctivitis which isallergic conjunctivitis of the immediate type caused by airborneallergens, e.g., pollens, dusts, spores, and animal dander; chroniccatarrhal conjunctivitis which is a mild, chronic conjunctivitis withonly slight hyperemia and mucous discharge; purulent conjunctivitiswhich is an acute conjunctivitis caused by bacteria or viruses,particularly gonococci, meningococci, pneumococci, and streptococci, andcharacterized by severe inflammation of the conjunctiva and copiousdischarge of pus; and vernal conjunctivitis which is a bilateralconjunctivitis of seasonal occurrence, of unknown cause, affectingchildren especially boys and characterized by flattened papules and athick, gelatinous exudate. Accordingly, the PDE4 inhibitors of Formula(1.0.0) are useful for the beneficial treatment of the various types ofconjunctivitis as described above. A related area of therapeuticapplication for which the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) also producebeneficial results is in the treatment of uveitis.

The uvea is the vascular middle coat or tunic of the eye, comprising theiris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis is an inflammation of all orpart of the uvea and commonly involves the other tunics of the eye,i.e., the sclera and the cornea, and the retina as well. The most commontypes of uveitis, which are treatable with the compounds of Formula(1.0.0), are anterior uveitis which is uveitis involving the structuresof the iris and/or ciliary body, including iritis, cyclitis, andiridocyclitis; granulomatous uveitis which is uveitis of any part of theuveal tract but particularly of the posterior portion, characterized bynodular collections of epithelioid cells and giant cells surrounded bylymphocytes; nongranulomatous uveitis which is inflammation of theanterior portion of the uveal tract, i.e., the iris and ciliary body;phacoantigenic uveitis which is one of the lens-induced uveitides is asevere anterior uveitis similar to sympathetic ophthalmia, observedweeks or even months after extracapsular lens surgery or other trauma tothe capsule; and posterior uveitis which is uveitis involving theposterior segment of the eye, including choroiditis and chorioretinitis.Accordingly, the PDE4 inhibitors of Formula (1.0.0) are useful for thebeneficial treatment of the various types of unveitis as describedabove.

8.8 Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common chronic, squamous dermatosis with polygenicinheritance and a fluctuating course that is characterized bymicroabscesses and spongiform pustules, as well as erythematous, dry,scaling patches of various sizes. Psoriasis is a common skin diseasethat affects approximately 2% of the population, and more than 1¹A2million patients in the US annually consult physicians for treatment.Psoriasis is usually recurrent and in some instances can be verydebilitating. The etiology of psoriasis is unknown, but it appears to bean autoimmune disease with genetic predisposition.

Psoriasis involves a large T-cell infiltration in the affected regionsof the skin, with CD4+lymphocytes in the dermis and CD8+lymphocytes inthe epidermis. These lymphocytes secrete IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, whichalter keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Further, from 5%to 10% of psoriasis patients develop psoriatic arthritis, the symptomsof which are very similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. The broadspectrum of anti-inflammatory activities displayed by PDE4 inhibitors,already discussed above, enables such inhibitors to be used beneficiallyin the treatment of psoriasis.

It has been demonstrated that treatment of epidermal basal cells, inprimary culture, with the PDE4 inhibitor Ro 20-1724 leads to athree-fold increase in cAMP concentrations. It has also been shown thattreatment of psoriatic epidermal slices and keratomed psoriaticepidermal slices with Ro 20-1724 results in a very marked elevation ofcAMP concentrations over controls. Specifically, a 1395% increase incAMP concentration in keratomed psoriatic epidermis has been observed.PDE4 inhibitors have also been shown to inhibit the inflammatoryresponse of a number of mediators via either topical or systemicadministration. For example, rolipram has been shown to inhibit crotonoil-induced ear inflammation in the mouse at topical doses as low as0.03 mg per ear. The selective PDE4 inhibitor Ro 20-1724 has also beeninvestigated in two double-blind studies comparing its effectiveness tovehicle, where it has been shown to improve psoriatic lesions withoutadverse systemic or cutaneous effects.

8.9 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases

A sclerosis is an induration, or hardening, and refers especially tohardening of a part from inflammation, and from increased formation ofconnective tissue and in diseases of the interstitial substance. Theterm “sclerosis” is used chiefly for such a hardening of the nervoussystem due to the deposition of connective tissue, or to designatehardening of the blood vessels. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease inwhich there are foci of demyelination of various sizes throughout thewhite matter of the central nervous system, sometimes extending into thegray matter, resulting in weakness, incoordination, paresthesias, speechdisturbances, and visual complaints. Multiple sclerosis is a disease ofunknown etiology with a prolonged course involving many remissions andrelapses.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that in addition to chronicinflammation and demyelination, also results in gliosis within thecentral nervous system. There are several disease subtypes, includingprimary progressive multiple sclerosis, and relapsing remitting multiplesclerosis. These disease subtypes may be distinguished from each otheron the basis of the course of the disease, of the type of inflammationinvolved, and through the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It isalso possible for the basic disease mechanism to change during thecourse of multiple sclerosis, with an inflammation-based process beingreplaced later by one which involves demyelination and axonal damage.See Weilbach and Gold, “Disease modifying treatments for multiplesclerosis. What is on the horizon?” CNS Drugs 11 133-157, 1999.

In multiple sclerosis inflammatory lesions are localized to, butprevalent throughout the white matter of the central nervous system,although sclerotic plaques characterized by demyelination are a hallmarkof the disease. The development of demyelination, in turn, is caused bythe necrosis of oligodendrocytes, and demyelination is associated withan infiltrate composed mainly of T-cells and macrophages, which togetherwith local cells such as astrocytes, microglia and microvascular brainendothelial cells, express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classII. These cells are thus implicated in antigen presentation and aninflammatory response, and a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines,including TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1, IL-6 and IFN-γ have been identified in thebrain tissue of multiple sclerosis patients and their presence isgenerally associated with active lesions. TNF-α in particular has beenthe focus of attention because it mediates myelin and oligodendrocytedamage in vitro, induces astrocytes to express surface adhesionmolecules, and is associated with disruption of the blood-brain barrier.

Animal models have been used to demonstrate the role of TNF-α inmultiple sclerosis, e.g., in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis(EAE) administration of anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF receptors hasbeen shown to provide a protective effect. See Selmaj et al.,“Prevention of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmuneencephalomyelitis by soluble tumor necrosis factor,” J. Neuroimmunol. 56135-141, 1995. A direct correlation between the level of TNF-α mRNA andprogression of EAE has also been reported. See Reeno et al., “TNF-alphaexpression by resident microglia and infiltrating leukocytes in thecentral nervous system of mice with experimental allergicencephalomyelitis: regulation by the Th1 cytokines,” J. ImmunoL 154944-953, 1995. Further evidence demonstrating that TNF-α is a mediatorof multiple sclerosis is the increased concentration of TNF-α in thecerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients during the course ofthe disease. Further, a transgenic mouse overexpressing TNF-α in thecentral nervous system has shown signs of spontaneous demyelination,while a transgenic TNF-α knockout mouse has shown a protective effect.See Probert et al., “Spontaneous inflammatory demyelinating disease intransgenic mice showing central nervous system-specific expression oftumor necrosis factor alpha,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 11294-11298,1995; and Liu et al., “TNF is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine inautoimmune-mediated demyelination,” Nature Med. 4 78-83, 1998.

Since PDE4 inhibitors also reduce TNF-α, they are beneficial in thetreatment of multiple sclerosis because TNF-α plays a key role inmediating multiple sclerosis, as discussed above. For example, in amarmoset model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rolipram hasbeen found to suppress the appearance of clinical signs and abolishabnormalities in MRI imaging. In another study of the effects ofrolipram on chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis inSJL mice, it has been shown that rolipram ameliorates clinical signs andpathological changes in this model. See Genain et al., “Prevention ofautoimmune demyelination in non-human primates by a cAMP-specificphosphodiesterase,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92 3601-3605, 1995; andSommer et al, “Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase Type 4inhibition in chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease,” J. Neuroimmunol79 54-61, 1997.

In addition to inhibiting PDE4 activity and the production of TNF-α, thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) also possess activity as immunosuppressiveagents and are especially useful for treating autoimmune diseases inwhich inflammation is a component part of the autoimmune disease, or inwhich inflammation is part of the etiology of the autoimmune disease, orin which inflammation is otherwise involved with the autoimmune disease.Alternatively, the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are anti-inflammatoryagents useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases in whichautoimmune reactions are a component part of the inflammatory disease,or in which autoimmune reactions are part of the etiology of theinflammatory disease, or in which autoimmune reactions are otherwiseinvolved with the inflammatory disease. Accordingly, the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) are useful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, asdiscussed in detail further above.

Other autoimmune/inflammatory diseases that can be treated bytherapeutic agents comprising the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) include,but are not limited to, autoimmune hematological disorders such ashemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia, and idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura; systemic lupus erythematosus; polychondritis;scleroderma; Wegner's granulomatosis; dermatomyositis; chronic activehepatitis; myasthenia gravis; Stevens-Johnson syndrome; idiopathicsprue; autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitisand Crohn's disease; endocrin opthamopathy; Grave's disease;sarcoidosis; alveolitis; chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis; primarybiliary cirrhosis; juvenile diabetes (diabetes mellitus type l);anterior uveitis and granulomatous (posterior) uveitis;keratoconjunctivitis sicca and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis; diffuseinterstitial pulmonary fibrosis (interstitial lung fibrosis); idiopathicpulmonary fibrosis; cystic fibrosis; psoriatic arthritis;glomerulonephritis with and without nephrotic syndrome, including acuteglomerulonephritis, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, and minimal changenephropathy; inflammatory/hyperproliferative skin diseases includingpsoriasis and atopic dermatitis discussed in detail further above,contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, benign familialpemphigus, pemphigus erythematosus, pemphigus foliaceus, and pemphigusvulgaris.

Further, the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) may be used asimmunosuppressant agents for the prevention of allogeneic graftrejection following organ transplantation, where such organs typicallyinclude tissue from bone marrow, bowel, heart, kidney, liver, lung,pancreas, skin and cornea.

8.10 Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, recurrent ulceration in the colon,chiefly of the mucosa and submucosa, which is of unknown cause, andwhich is manifested clinically by cramping abdominal pain, rectalbleeding, and loose discharges of blood, pus, and mucus with scantyfecal particles. Related diseases of the bowel include collagenouscolitis, which is a type of colitis of unknown etiology that ischaracterized by deposits of collagenous material beneath the epitheliumof the colon, and marked by crampy abdominal pain with a conspicuousreduction in fluid and electrolyte absorption that leads to waterydiarrhea; colitis polyposa, which is ulcerative colitis associated withthe formation of pseudopolyps, i.e., edematous, inflamed islands ofmucosa between areas of ulceration; and transmural colitis, which isinflammation of the full thickness of the bowel, rather than mucosal andsubmucosal disease, usually with the formation of noncaseatinggranulomas, that clinically resembles ulcerative colitis but in whichthe ulceration is often longitudinal or deep, the disease is oftensegmental, stricture formation is common, and fistulas, particularly inthe perineum, are a frequent complication.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease ofunknown etiology involving any part of the gastrointestinal tract, butcommonly involving the terminal ileum with scarring and thickening ofthe bowel wall, frequently leading to intestinal obstruction, andfistula and abscess formation, and having a high rate of recurrenceafter treatment. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and the relateddiseases discussed above are collectively referred to as inflammatorybowel disease (IBD). These diseases are chronic, spontaneously relapsingdisorders of unknown cause that are immunologically mediated and whosepathogenesis has been established through the use of animal models andadvanced immunological techniques. See Bickston and Caminelli, “Recentdevelopments in the medical therapy of IBD,” Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol.14 6-10, 1998; and Murthy et al., “Inflammatory bowel disease: A newwave of therapy,” Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents 8(7) 785-818, 1998. While theincidence of ulcerative colitis has remained relatively stable, theincidence of Crohn's disease has increased significantly.

Current therapy for inflammatory bowel disease includes 5-aminosalicylicacid, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators such as azathioprine,6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate. These agents have a wide range ofadverse side effects and do not modify the disease itself, and there isthus an ongoing need for more effective treatment agents. The compoundsof Formula (1.0.0) are able to beneficially treat inflammatory boweldiseases as a result of their ability to inhibit the production ofTNF-α, because TNF-α causes immune cell activation, proliferation, andmediator release in inflammatory bowel disease. See Radford-Smith andJewell, “Cytokines and inflammatory bowel disease.” Baillieres Clin.Gasteroenterol. 10 151-164, 1996. TNF-α has also been detected in thestools and intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory boweldisease. Further, early clinical studies in Crohn's disease using TNFmonoclonal antibodies have shown significant promise.

As already detailed further above, selective PDE4 inhibitors have amarked effect on the inhibition of TNF-α release from peripheral bloodmononuclear cells after those cells have been stimulated with a widerange of mediators, both in vitro and in vivo. The selective PDE4inhibitor arofylline has been shown to provide beneficial effects whentested in models of colitis in the rat. Further, in a dextran sulfateinduced colitis model in the rat, rolipram and the selective PDE4inhibitor LAS31025 have demonstrated beneficial effects comparable toprednisolone. Both test compounds have been shown to ameliorate bleedingand inflammatory markers. See Puig et al. “Curative effects ofphosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitisin the rat,” Gastroenterology 114(4) A1064, 1998. Other workers haveused additional models to demonstrate the ability of selective PDE4inhibitors to provide gastrointestinal protection. For example, it hasbeen shown that lipopolysaccharide induced erythrocyte extravasation inrats and intestinal hypoperfusion in dogs can be attenuated with theselective PDE4 inhibitors rolipram and denbufylline. See Cardelus et al,“Inhibiting LPS induced bowel erythrocyte extravasation in rats, and ofmesenteric hypoperfusion in dogs, by phosphodiesterase inhibitors,” Eur.J. Pharmacol. 299 153-159, 1996; and Cardelus et al., “Protectiveeffects of denbufylline against endotoxin induced bowel hyperplasia,”Met. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 17(Suppl. A) 142, 1995.

8.11 Septic Shock, Renal Failure, Cachexia, and Infection

Septic shock is shock associated with overwhelming infection, mostcommonly infection with gram negative-bacteria, although it may beproduced by other bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Septic shock isdeemed to result from the action of endotoxins or other products of theinfectious agent on the vascular system, causing large volumes of bloodto be sequestered in the capillaries and veins. Activation of thecomplement and kinin systems and the release of histamine, cytokines,prostaglandins, and other mediators is also involved.

It has been shown in a model of endotoxin-induced acute renal failure inrats that the selective PDE4 inhibitor, Ro-201724, given as apost-treatment at 10 μg/kg/min significantly increases urinary cAMPexcretion, markedly attenuates endotoxin-induced increases in renalvascular resistance and decreases in renal blood flow and glomerularfiltration rate. Ro-201724 has also been shown to improve survival ratesfor endotoxin-treated rats. See Carcillo et al., Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.279 1197, 1996. Pentoxifylline has also been studied in patientssuffering from septic shock. In this study twenty-four individualsfulfilling the criteria for septic shock have been selected, twelve ofwhich have received pentoxifylline at 1 mg/kg/hr over a 24-hour period,while the other twelve have served as a control group. After 24 hours ithas been found that the TNF-α levels in the therapy group have beensignificantly lowered, while the IL-6 levels have been significantlyincreased.

In another study, it has been shown that pretreatment withpentoxifylline at 5 to 50 mg/kg i.p. 3×, or with the selective PDE4inhibitors rolipram at 10 to 30 mg/kg i.p. 3×, and debufylline at 0.1 to3 mg/kg i.p. 3×, reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced bowel erythrocyteextravasation in rats, and that denbufylline is 100-fold more potentthan pentoxifylline in inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced mesentericblood flow fall, without affecting renal blood flow or cardiac index.See Cardelus et al., Ibid., Eur. J. Pharmacol

Renal failure is the inability of the kidney to excrete metabolites atnormal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or theinability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. Inthe acute form, it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria oranuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. On the basis of theabove-described activities of selective PDE4 inhibitors, it has beendemonstrated that selective PDE4 inhibitors are useful in the treatmentof renal failure, especially acute renal failure. See Begany et al.,“Inhibition of Type IV phosphodiesterase by Ro-20-1724 attenuatesendotoxin-induced acute renal failure,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Thera. 27837-41, 1996. See also WO 98/00135 assigned to the University ofPittsburgh. Accordingly, the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful inthe treatment of renal failure, particularly acute renal failure.

Cachexia is a profound and marked state of constitutional disordercharacterized by general ill health and malnutrition. Cachexia may bethe end result of a number of causative factors, e.g., it may resultfrom infection by any one of a number of different unicellular organismsor microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans.Malarial cachexia is representative and comprises a group of signs of achronic nature that result from antecedent attacks of severe malaria,the principal signs being anemia, sallow skin, yellow sclera,splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Another cause of cachexia is thedeprivation or deterioration of humoral or other organic functions,e.g., hypophysial cachexia comprises a train of symptoms resulting fromtotal deprivation of function of the pituitary gland, includingphthisis, loss of sexual function, atrophy of the pituitary targetglands, bradycardia, hypothermia, apathy, and coma. Uremic cachexia iscachexia associated with other systemic symptoms of advanced renalfailure. Cardiac cachexia comprises the emaciation due to heart disease.Cachexia suprarenalis, or Addison's disease, is a disorder characterizedby hypotension, weight loss, anorexia, and weakness, caused byadrenocortical hormone deficiency. It is due to tuberculosis- orautoimmune-induced destruction of the adrenal cortex that results indeficiency of aldosterone and cortisol.

Cachexia may also be the result of disease states of various types.Cancerous cachexia comprises the weak, emaciated condition seen in casesof malignant tumor. Cachexia can also be a consequence of infection bythe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and comprises the symptomscommonly referred to as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in treating cachexia of thedifferent types described above as a result of their ability to providedown-regulation or inhibition of TNF-α release. The selective PDE4inhibitors of the present invention have a marked effect on theinhibition of TNF-α release from peripheral blood mononuclear cellsafter those cells have been stimulated with a wide range of mediators.TNF-α release is implicated or plays a mediating role in diseases orconditions whose etiology involves or comprises morbid, i.e., unhealthy,excessive or unregulated TNF-Q release.

The PDE4 inhibitory compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are further useful inthe treatment of infection, especially infection by viruses wherein suchviruses increase the production of TNF-α in their host, or wherein suchviruses are sensitive to upregulation of TNF-α in their host so thattheir replication or other vital activities are adversely impacted. Suchviruses include, e.g., HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-3; cytomegalovirus, CMV;influenza; adenoviruses; and Herpes viruses, especially Herpes zosterand Herpes simplex.

The PDE4 inhibitory compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are further useful inthe treatment of yeast and fungus infections wherein said yeast andfungi are sensitive to upregulation by TNF-α or elicit TNF-α productionin their host. A particular disease which is treatable in this way isfungal meningitis. The compounds of Formula (1.0.0) also providebeneficial effects when combined with, i.e., administered in conjunctionwith other drugs of choice for the treatment of systemic yeast andfungus infections. Such drugs of choice include, but are not limited topolymixins, e.g., Polymycin B; imidazoles, e.g., clotrimazole,econazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole; triazoles, e.g., fluconazoleand itranazole; and amphotericins, e.g., Amphotericin B and liposomalAmphotericin B. The term “co-administration” as used herein withreference to the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) and drugs of choice forthe treatment of systemic yeast and fungus infections, is intended tomean and include (a) simultaneous administration of such compound(s) anddrug(s) to a subject when formulated together into a single dosage form;(b) substantially simultaneous administration of such compound(s) anddrug(s) to a subject when formulated apart from each other into separatedosage forms; and (c) sequential administration of such compound(s) anddrug(s) to a subject when formulated apart from each other andadministered consecutively with some significant time interval between.

8.12 Liver Injury

In addition to the above-described adverse effects of TNF-α, it alsocauses hepatic failure in humans, a phenomenon which has been shown in anumber of animal models. For example, in an acute model of T-cellmediated hepatic failure, rolipram administered at 0.1 to 10 mg/kg i.p.30 minutes before challenge with either concanavalin A or staphylococcalenterotoxin B, has been shown to significantly reduce plasma TNF-α andINF-γ concentrations, whereas it also significantly elevates IL-10levels. See Gantner et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280 53, 1997. Inthis same study, rolipram has also been shown to suppress concanavalinA-induced IL-4 release. The plasma activities of the liver specificenzymes ALT, AST, and SDH have also been assessed in this study, sinceany increase in their levels would indicate massive liver celldestruction. It has been found that in pretreatment of naive micereceiving concanavalin A, or galactosamine-sensitized mice receivinggalactosamine/staphylococcal enterotoxin B, with rolipram at 0.1 to 10mg/kg i.p., that rolipram has dose-dependently inhibited theabove-mentioned plasma enzyme activities. Accordingly, the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) are useful in the treatment of T-cell disorders such asliver failure.

8.13 Pulmonary Hypertension

It is known that the activity of phosphodiesterases, which hydrolyze thevasodilatory second messengers cAMP and cGMP, may be increased byhypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Hypoxia is a reduction ofoxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequateperfusion of the tissue by blood. The resulting pulmonary hypertensionis characterized by increased pressure, i.e., above 30 mm Hg systolicand above 12 mm. Hg diastolic, within the pulmonary arterialcirculation. Using a model which utilizes isolated pulmonary arteryrings from normal rats and from rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonaryhypertension, it has been shown that the selective PDE4 inhibitorrolipram potentiates the relaxant activities of isoproterenol andforskolin. The same effect has been observed with milrinone, which is aselective PDE3 inhibitor, thereby supporting inhibition of both PDE3 andPDE4 in order to significantly improve pulmonary artery relaxation inhypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. See Wagner et al., J. Pharmacol.Exp. Ther. 282 1650, 1997. Accordingly, the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)are useful in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, especiallyhypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

8.14 Bone Loss Disease

Bone loss disease, more commonly referred to as osteoporosis, is acondition of low bone mass and microarchitectural disruption thatresults in fractures with minimal trauma. Secondary osteoporosis is dueto systemic illness or medications such as glucocorticoids. Primaryosteoporosis, it has been contended, should be viewed as comprising twoconditions: Type I osteoporosis which is loss of trabecular bone due toestrogen deficiency at menopause, and Type II osteoporosis which is lossof cortical and trabecular bone due to long-term remodelinginefficiency, dietary inadequacy, and activation of the parathyroid axiswith age. The primary regulators of adult bone mass include physicalactivity, reproductive endocrine status, and calcium intake, and optimalmaintenance of bone requires sufficiency in all three areas.

It has been demonstrated that selective PDE4 inhibitors are useful inthe beneficial treatment of bone loss disease, particularlyosteoporosis. The effect of denbufylline on bone loss in Walker256/S-bearing rats and on mineralized nodule formation andosteoclast-like cell formation has been studied in bone marrow culturesystems. It has been discovered that serial oral administrations ofdenbufylline inhibit the decrease in the bone mineral density of femursfrom Walker 256/S-bearing rats, and restore the bone mass and the numberof osteoclasts and osteoblasts per trabecular surface in the femurmetaphysis. The administration of denbufylline has also been found toresult in an increase in the number of mineralized nodules and adecrease in the number of osteoclast-like cells in the in vitro bonemarrow culture system. These beneficial effects are specific for PDE4inhibition and are mimicked by dibutyryl cAMP, demonstrating that thePDE4 isozyme plays an important role in bone turnover through cAMP. SeeMiyamoto et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 54 613, 1997; Waki et al., “Effectsof XT-44, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in osteoblastgenesis andosteoclastgenesis in culture and its therapeutic effects in ratosteopenia models,” Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 79 477-483,.1999; and JP 9169665assigned to Miyamoto (1997). Consequently, the selective PDE4 inhibitorsof Formula (1.0.0) are useful in the treatment of diseases involvingbone loss, especially osteoporosis.

8.15 CNS Disorders

The PDE4 selective inhibitor rolipram was initially developed as anantidepressant and continues to be studied in clinical trials for thatindication. Further, it has been demonstrated that selective PDE4inhibitors provide beneficial effects in other central nervous systemdisorders, including Parkinson's disease, Hulley et al., “Inhibitors ofType IV phosphodiesterases reduce the toxicity of MPTP in substantianigra neurons in vivo,” Eur. J. Neurosci. 7 2431-2440, 1995; as well aslearning and memory impairment, Egawa et al., “Rolipram and its opticalisomers, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, attenuate thescopolamine-induced impairments of learning and memory in rats,” Jpn. J.Pharmacol. 75 275-281, 1997; Imanishi et al., “Ameliorating effects ofrolipram on experimentally induced impairments of learning and memory inrodents,” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 321 273-278, 1997; and Barad et al.,“Rolipram, a Type IV-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, facilitatesthe establishment of long-lasting long-term potentiation and improvesmemory,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 15020-15025, 1998.

The use of PDE4 inhibitors to treat tardive dyskinesia and drugdependence has also been disclosed in the art, WO 95/28177 and JP92221423 (1997), both assigned to Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd. The PDE4isozyme has been found to play a major role in controlling dopaminebiosynthesis in mesencephalic neurons; accordingly PDE4 inhibitors areuseful in the treatment of disorders and diseases which are associatedwith or mediated by dopamine within and around mesencephalic neurons,Yamashita et al., “Rolipram, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesteraseType 4, pronouncedly enhances the forskolin-induced promotion ofdopamine biosynthesis in primary cultured rat mesencephalic neurons,”Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 75 91-95, 1997.

The PDE4 inhibitory compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are further useful inthe treatment of arteriosclerotic dementia and subcortical dementia.Arteriosclerotic dementia, also called vascular dementia andmulti-infarct dementia, is a dementia with a stepwise deterioratingcourse in the form of a series of small strokes, and an irregulardistribution of neurological deficits caused by cerebrovascular disease.Subcortical dementia are caused by lesions affecting subcortical brainstructures and are characterized by memory loss with slowness inprocessing information or making intellectual responses. Included aredementias that accompany Huntington's chorea, Wilson's disease,paralysis agitans, and thalamic atrophies.

8.16 Other Therapeutic Applications

It has been demonstrated that PDE4 inhibitors are useful in thetreatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury, Block et al., “Delayedtreatment with rolipram protects against neuronal damage followingglobal ischemia in rats,” NeuroReport 8 3829-3832, 1997 and Belayev etal “Protection against blood-brain barrier disruption in focal cerebralischemia by the Type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor BBB022: aquantitative study,” Brain Res. 787 277-285, 1998; in the treatment ofautoimmune diabetes, Liang et al., “The phosphodiesterase inhibitorspentoxifylline and rolipram prevent diabetes in NOD mice,” Diabetes 47570-575, 1998; in the treatment of retinal autoimmunity, Xu et al.,“Protective effect of the Type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipramin EAU: protection is independent of the IL-10-inducing activity,”Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 40 942-950, 1999; in the treatment ofchronic lymphocytic leukemia, Kim and Lerner, “Type 4 cyclic adenosinemonophosphate phosphodiesterase as a therapeutic agent in chroniclymphocytic leukemia,” Blood 92 2484-2494, 1998; in the treatment of HIVinfections, Angel et al., “Rolipram, a specific Type IVphosphodiesterase inhibitor, is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1replication,” AIDS 9 1137-1144, 1995 and Navarro et al., “Inhibition ofphosphodiesterase Type IV suppresses human immunodeficiency virus Type 1replication and cytokine production in primary T cells: involvement ofNF-kappaB and NFAT,” J. Virol. 72 4712-4720, 1998; in the treatment oflupus erythematosus, JP 10067682 (1998) assigned to Fujisawa Pharm. Co.Ltd.; in the treatment of kidney and ureter disease, DE 4230755 (1994)assigned to Schering AG ; in the treatment of urogenital andgastrointestinal disorders, WO 94/06423 assigned to Schering AG ; and inthe treatment of prostate diseases, WO 99/02161 assigned to Porssmannand WO 99/02161 assigned to Stief.

In accordance with the above descriptions, it will be understood thatthe compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are useful in the beneficial treatmentof any one or more members selected from the group consisting of thefollowing diseases, disorders, and conditions:

-   -   asthma of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or asthma        that is a member selected from the group consisting of atopic        asthma; non-atopic asthma; allergic asthma; atopic, bronchial,        IgE-mediated asthma; bronchial asthma; essential asthma; true        asthma; intrinsic asthma caused by pathophysiologic        disturbances; extrinsic asthma caused by environmental factors;        essential asthma of unknown or inapparent cause; non-atopic        asthma; bronchitic asthma; emphysematous asthma;        exercise-induced asthma; occupational asthma; infective asthma        caused by bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or viral infection;        non-allergic asthma; incipient asthma; wheezy infant syndrome;    -   chronic or acute bronchoconstriction; chronic bronchitis; small        airways obstruction; and emphysema;    -   obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases of whatever type,        etiology, or pathogenesis; or an obstructive or inflammatory        airways disease that is a member selected from the group        consisting of asthma; pneumoconiosis; chronic eosinophilic        pneumonia; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); COPD        that includes chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema or dyspnea        associated therewith; COPD that is characterized by        irreversible, progressive airways obstruction; adult respiratory        distress syndrome (ARDS), and exacerbation of airways        hyper-reactivity consequent to other drug therapy;    -   pneumoconiosis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        pneumoconiosis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of aluminosis or bauxite workers' disease;        anthracosis or miners' asthma; asbestosis or steam-fitters'        asthma; chalicosis or flint disease; ptilosis caused by inhaling        the dust from ostrich feathers; siderosis caused by the        inhalation of iron particles; silicosis or grinders' disease;        byssinosis or cotton-dust asthma; and talc pneumoconiosis;    -   bronchitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        bronchitis that is a member selected from the group consisting        of acute bronchitis; acute laryngotracheal bronchitis; arachidic        bronchitis; catarrhal bronchitis; croupus bronchitis; dry        bronchitis; infectious asthmatic bronchitis; productive        bronchitis; staphylococcus or streptococcal bronchitis; and        vesicular bronchitis;    -   bronchiectasis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        bronchiectasis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of cylindric bronchiectasis; sacculated        bronchiectasis; fusiform bronchiectasis; capillary        bronchiectasis; cystic bronchiectasis; dry bronchiectasis; and        follicular bronchiectasis;    -   seasonal allergic rhinitis; or perennial allergic rhinitis; or        sinusitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        sinusitis that is a member selected from the group consisting of        purulent or nonpurulent sinusitis; acute or chronic sinusitis;        and ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, or sphenoid sinusitis;    -   rheumatoid arthritis of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or rheumatoid arthritis that is a member selected        from the group consisting of acute arthritis; acute gouty        arthritis; chronic inflammatory arthritis; degenerative        arthritis; infectious arthritis; Lyme arthritis; proliferative        arthritis; psoriatic arthritis; and vertebral arthritis;    -   gout, and fever and pain associated with inflammation;    -   an eosinophil-related disorder of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or an eosinophil-related disorder that is a member        selected from the group consisting of eosinophilia; pulmonary        infiltration eosinophilia; Loffier's syndrome; chronic        eosinophilic pneumonia; tropical pulmonary eosinophilia;        bronchopneumonic aspergillosis; aspergilloma; granulomas        containing eosinophils; allergic granulomatous angiitis or        Churg-Strauss syndrome; polyarteritis nodosa (PAN); and systemic        necrotizing vasculitis;    -   atopic dermatitis; or allergic dermatitis; or allergic or atopic        eczema;    -   urticaria of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        urticaria that is a member selected from the group consisting of        immune-mediated urticaria; complement-mediated urticaria;        urticariogenic material-induced urticaria; physical        agent-induced urticaria; stress-induced urticaria; idiopathic        urticaria; acute urticaria; chronic urticaria; angioedema;        cholinergic urticaria; cold urticaria in the autosomal dominant        form or in the acquired form; contact urticaria; giant        urticaria; and papular urticaria;    -   conjunctivitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        conjunctivitis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of actinic conjunctivitis; acute catarrhal        conjunctivitis; acute contagious conjunctivitis; allergic        conjunctivitis; atopic conjunctivitis; chronic catarrhal        conjunctivitis; purulent conjunctivitis; and vernal        conjunctivitis;    -   uveitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or uveitis        that is a member selected from the group consisting of        inflammation of all or part of the uvea; anterior uveitis;        iritis; cyclitis; iridocyclitis; granulomatous uveitis;        nongranulomatous uveitis; phacoantigenic uveitis; posterior        uveitis; choroiditis; and chorioretinitis;    -   psoriasis;    -   multiple sclerosis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis;        or multiple sclerosis that is a member selected from the group        consisting of primary progressive multiple sclerosis; and        relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis;    -   autoimmune/inflammatory diseases of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or an autoimmune/inflammatory disease that is a        member selected from the group consisting of autoimmune        hematological disorders; hemolytic anemia; aplastic anemia; pure        red cell anemia; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; systemic        lupus erythematosus; polychondritis; scleroderma; Wegner's        granulomatosis; dermatomyositis; chronic active hepatitis;        myasthenia gravis; Stevens-Johnson syndrome; idiopathic sprue;        autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases; ulcerative colitis;        Crohn's disease; endocrin opthamopathy; Grave's disease;        sarcoidosis; alveolitis; chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis;        primary biliary cirrhosis; juvenile diabetes or diabetes        mellitus type l; anterior uveitis; granulomatous or posterior        uveitis; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; epidemic        keratoconjunctivitis; diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis or        interstitial lung fibrosis; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis;        cystic fibrosis; psoriatic arthritis; glomerulonephritis with        and without nephrotic syndrome; acute glomerulonephritis;        idiopathic nephrotic syndrome; minimal change nephropathy;        inflammatory/hyperproliferative skin diseases; psoriasis; atopic        dermatitis; contact dermatitis; allergic contact dermatitis;        benign familial pemphigus; pemphigus erythematosus; pemphigus        foliaceus; and pemphigus vulgaris;    -   prevention of allogeneic graft rejection following organ        transplantation;    -   inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or inflammatory bowel disease that is a member        selected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC);        collagenous colitis; colitis polyposa; transmural colitis; and        Crohn's disease (CD);    -   septic shock of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or        septic shock that is a member selected from the group consisting        of renal failure; acute renal failure; cachexia; malarial        cachexia; hypophysial cachexia; uremic cachexia; cardiac        cachexia; cachexia suprarenalis or Addison's disease; cancerous        cachexia; and cachexia as a consequence of infection by the        human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);    -   liver injury;    -   pulmonary hypertension; and hypoxia-induced pulmonary        hypertension;    -   bone loss diseases; primary osteoporosis; and secondary        osteoporosis;    -   central nervous system disorders of whatever type, etiology, or        pathogenesis; or a central nervous system disorder that is a        member selected from the group consisting of depression;        Parkinson's disease; learning and memory impairment; tardive        dyskinesia; drug dependence; arteriosclerotic dementia; and        dementias that accompany Huntington's chorea, Wilson's disease,        paralysis agitans, and thalamic atrophies;    -   infection, especially infection by viruses wherein such viruses        increase the production of TNF-α in their host, or wherein such        viruses are sensitive to upregulation of TNF-α in their host so        that their replication or other vital activities are adversely        impacted, including a virus which is a member selected from the        group consisting of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-3; cytomegalovirus,        CMV; influenza; adenoviruses; and Herpes viruses, including        Herpes zoster and Herpes simplex;    -   yeast and fungus infections wherein said yeast and fungi are        sensitive to upregulation by TNF-α or elicit TNF-α production in        their host, e.g., fungal meningitis; particularly when        administered in conjunction with other drugs of choice for the        treatment of systemic yeast and fungus infections, including but        are not limited to, polymixins, e.g., Polymycin B; imidazoles,        e.g., clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole;        triazoles, e.g., fluconazole and itranazole; and amphotericins,        e.g., Amphotericin B and liposomal Amphotericin B; and    -   ischemia-reperfusion injury; autoimmune diabetes; retinal        autoimmunity; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; HIV infections;        lupus erythematosus; kidney and ureter disease; urogenital and        gastrointestinal disorders; and prostate diseases.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

9.0 Combination with Other Drugs and Therapies

The present invention contemplates embodiments in which a compound ofFormula (1.0.0) is the only therapeutic agent which is employed in amethod of treatment described herein, whether used alone or morecommonly, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to producea suitable dosage form for administration to a patient. Otherembodiments of the present invention contemplate a combination of acompound of Formula (1.0.0) together with one or more additionaltherapeutic agents to be co-administered to a patient to obtain someparticularly desired therapeutic end result. The second, etc.therapeutic agent may also be one or more compounds of Formula (1.0.0),or one or more PDE4 inhibitors known in the art and described in detailherein. More typically, the second, etc. therapeutic agent will beselected from a different class of therapeutic agents. These selectionsare described in detail below.

As used herein, the terms “co-administration”, “co-administered”, and“in combination with”, referring to the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) andone or more other therapeutic agents, is intended to mean, and doesrefer to and include the following: (a) simultaneous administration ofsuch combination of compound(s) and therapeutic agent(s) to a patient inneed of treatment, when such components are formulated together into asingle dosage form which releases said components at substantially thesame time to said patient; (b) substantially simultaneous administrationof such combination of compound(s) and therapeutic agent(s) to a patientin need of treatment, when such components are formulated apart fromeach other into separate dosage forms which are ingested atsubstantially the same time by said patient, whereupon said componentsare released at substantially the same time to said patient; (c)sequential administration of such combination of compound(s) andtherapeutic agent(s) to a patient in need of treatment, when suchcomponents are formulated apart from each other into separate dosageforms which are ingested at consecutive times by said patient with asignificant time interval between each ingestion, whereupon saidcomponents are released at substantially different times to saidpatient; and (d) sequential administration of such combination ofcompound(s) and therapeutic agent(s) to a patient in need of treatment,when such components are formulated together into a single dosage formwhich releases said components in a controlled manner whereupon they areconcurrently, consecutively, and/or overlappingly ingested at the sameand/or different times by said patient.

9.1 With Leukotriene Biosynthesis Inhibitors: 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO)Inhibitors and 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein (FLAP) Antanonists

One or more compounds of Formula (1.0.0) is used in combination withleukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors, i.e., 5-lipoxygenase inhibitorsand/or 5-lipoxygenase activating protein antagonists, to formembodiments of the present invention. As already adverted to above,5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is one of two groups of enzymes that metabolizearachidonic acid, the other group being the cyclooxygenases, COX-1 andCOX-2. The 5-lipoxygenase activating protein is an 18 kDamembrane-bound, arachidonate-binding protein which stimulates theconversion of cellular arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase. Thearachidonic acid is converted into 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid(5-HPETE), and this pathway eventually leads to the production ofinflammatory leukotrienes; consequently, blocking the 5-lipoxygenaseactivating protein or the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme itself provides adesirable target for beneficially interfering with that pathway. Onesuch 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor is zileuton represented by Formula(0.1.14), which may be found both above and following. Among the classesof leukotriene synthesis inhibitors which are useful for formingtherapeutic combinations with the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are thefollowing:

(a) redox-active agents which include N-hydroxyureas; N-alkylhydroxamicacids; selenite; hydroxybenzofurans; hydroxylamines; and catechols; seeFord-Hutchinson et al, “5-Lipoxygenase,” Ann. Rev. Biochem. 63 383-417,1994; Weitzel and Wendel, “Selenoenzymes regulate the activity ofleukocyte 5-lipoxygenase via the peroxide tone,” J. Biol. Chem. 2686288-92, 1993; Björnstedt et al. “Selenite incubated with NADPH andmammalian thioredoxin reductase yields selenide, which inhibitslipoxygenase and changes the electron spin resonance spectrum of theactive site iron,” Biochemistry 35 8511-6, 1996; and Stewart et al.,“Structure-activity relationships of N-hydroxyurea 5-lipoxygenaseinhibitors,” J. Med. Chem. 40 1955-68, 1997;

(b) alkylating agents and compounds which react with SH groups have beenfound to inhibit leukotriene synthesis in vitro; see Larsson et al.,“Effects of 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene on 5-lipoxygenase activityand cellular leukotriene synthesis,” Biochem. Pharmacol. 55 863-71,1998; and

(c) competitive inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, based on thiopyranoindoleand methoxyalkyl thiazole structures which may act as non-redoxinhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase; see Ford-Hutchinson et al., Ibid.; andHamel et al., “Substituted (pyridylmethoxy)naphthalenes as potent andorally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors—synthesis, biological profile,and pharmacokinetics of L-739,010,“J. Med. Chem. 40 2866-75, 1997.

The observation that arachidonoyl hydroxyamate inhibits 5-lipoxygenasehas led to the discovery of clinically useful selective 5-lipoxygenaseinhibitors such as the N-hydroxyurea derivatives zileuton and ABT-761,represented by Formulas (0.1.14) and (5.2.1):

Another N-hydroxyurea compound is fenleuton (Abbott-76745) which isrepresented by Formula (5.2.2):

Zileuton is covered by U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,259 (Summers et al.) assignedto Abbott Laboratories, which discloses indole, benzofuran, andbenzothiophene containing lipoxygenase inhibiting compounds which may berepresented by Formula (5.2.3):

where R₁ is H; (C₁-C₄) alkyl; (C₂-C₄) alkenyl; or NR₂R³ where R₂ and R₃are H; (C₁-C₄) alkyl; or OH; X is O; S; SO₂; or NR₄ where R₄ is H;(C₁-C₆) alkyl; (C₁-C₆) alkanoyl; aroyl; or alkylsulfonyl; A is (C₁-C₆)alkylene; or (C₂-C₆) alkenylene; n is 1-5; and Y is H; halo; OH; CN;halo substituted alkyl; (C₁-C₁₂) alkyl; (C₂-C₁₂) alkenyl; (C₁-C₁₂)alkoxy; (C₃-C₈) cycloalkyl; (C₁-C₈) thioalkyl; aryl; aryloxy; aroyl;(C₁-C₁₂) arylalkyl; (C₂-C₁₂) arylalkenyl; (C₁-C₁₂) arylalkoxy; (C₁-C₁₂)arylthioalkoxy; or substituted derivatives of aryl; aryloxy; aryoyl;(C₁-C₁₂) arylalkyl; (C₂-C₁₂) arylalkenyl; (C_(-C) ₁₂) arylalkoxy;(C₁-C₁₂) arylthioalkoxy; where said substituent is halo; NO₂; CN; or(C₁-C₁₂) -alkyl -alkoxy and -halo substituted alkyl; Z is O or S; and Mis H; pharmaceutically acceptable cation; aroyl; or (C₁-C₁₂) alkanoyl.

Related compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,387 (Summers etal.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,811 (Summers); U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,809(Summers and Stewart); U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,422 (Summers); U.S. Pat. No.4,992,464 (Summers et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,565 (Brooks andSummers); each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety as though fully set out herein.

Zileuton or any of the above-described derivatives thereof are combinedwith the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) to form embodiments of the presentinvention.

Fenleuton is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,432,194; 5,446,062;5,484,786; 5,559,144; 5,616,596; 5,668,146; 5,668,150; 5,843,968;5,407,959; 5,426,111; 5,446,055; 5,475,009; 5,512,581; 5,516,795;5,476,873; 5,714,488; 5,783,586; 5,399,699; 5,420,282; 5,459,150; and5,506,261; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety as though fully set out herein. Further descriptions of suchN-hydroxyurea and related inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and the synthesisof inflammatory leukotrienes may be found in WO 95/30671; WO 96/02507;WO 97/12865; WO 97/12866; WO 97/12867; WO 98/04555; and WO 98/14429.

Tepoxalin is a dual COX/5-LO inhibitor with short-lived in vivo activitythat has led to the development of two series of hybrid compounds whichare N-hydroxyureas and hydroxamic acids of Formulas (5.2.4) and (5.2.5),respectively:

where R¹ through R⁴ are H; Cl; CH₃; ethyl; iso-propyl; or n-propyl; orR³ and R⁴ together are (CH₂)₅ or (CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂; and R⁵ is methyl; ethyl;iso-propyl; methoxy; trifluoromethyl; chloromethyl; ethyl propionate;phenyl; 2-furyl; 3-pyridyl; or 4-pyridyl. See Connolly et al.,“N-Hydroxyurea and hydroxamic acid inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and5-lipoxygenase,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9 979-984,1999.

Another N-hydroxyurea compound is Abbott-79175 which is represented byFormula (5.2.6):

Abbott-79175 has a longer duration of action than zileuton; Brooks etal, J. Pharm. Exp. Therapeut 272 724,1995.

A still further N-hydroxyurea compound is Abbott-85761 which isrepresented by Formula (5.2.7):

Abbott-85761 is delivered to the lung by aerosol administration of ahomogeneous, physically stable and nearly monodispersed formulation;Gupta et al, “Pulmonary delivery of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor,Abbott-85761, in beagle dogs,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics147 207-218, 1997.

Fenleuton, Abbott-79175, Abbott-85761 or any of the above-describedderivatives thereof or of tepoxalin, are combined with the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) to form embodiments of the present invention.

Since the elucidation of the 5-LO biosynthetic pathway, there has beenan ongoing debate as to whether it is more advantageous to inhibit the5-lipoxygenase enzyme or to antagonize peptido- or non-peptidoleukotriene receptors. Inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase are deemed to besuperior to LT-receptor antagonists, since 5-lipoxygenase inhibitorsblock the action of the full spectrum of 5-LO products, whereasLT-antagonists produce narrower effects. Nevertheless, embodiments ofthe present invention include combinations of the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) with LT-antagonists as well as 5-LO inhibitors, as describedbelow. Inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase having chemical structures thatdiffer from the classes of N-hydroxyureas and hydroxamic acids describedabove are also used in combination with the compounds of Formula (1.0.0)to form further embodiments of the present invention. An example of sucha different class is the N-(5-substituted)-thiophene-2-alkylsulfonamidesof Formula (5.2.8):

where X is O or S; R′ is methyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, n-octyl, orphenyl; and R is n-pentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, tetrahydro-1-naphthyl, 1-or 2-naphthyl, or phenyl mono- or di-substituted by Cl, F, Br, CH₃,OCH₃, SCH₃, SO₂CH₃, CF₃, or iso-propyl. A preferred compound is that ofFormula (5.2.9):

A further description of these compounds may be found in Beers et al,“N-(5-substituted) thiophene-2-alkylsulfonamides as potent inhibitors of5-lipoxygenase,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 5(4) 779-786, 1997.

Another distinct class of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors is that of the2,6-di-tert-butylphenol hydrazones described in Cuadro et al.,“Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenolhydrazones as 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors,” Bioorganic & MedicinalChemistry 6 173-180, 1998. Compounds of this type are represented byFormula (5.2.10):

where “Het” is benzoxazol-2-yl; benzothizazol-2-yl; pyridin-2-yl;pyrazin-2-yl; pyrimidin-2-yl; 4-phenylpyrimidin-2-yl;4,6-diphenylpyrimidin-2-yl; 4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl; 4,6-d imethylpyrimidin-2-yl; 4-butylpyrimidin-2-yl; 4,6-dibutylpyrimidin-2-yl; and4-methyl-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-yl.

The N-(5-substituted)-thiophene-2-alkylsulfonamides of Formula (5.2.8),or the 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol hydrazones of Formula (5.2.10), or any ofthe above-described derivatives thereof, are combined with the compoundsof Formula (1.0.0) to form embodiments of the present invention.

A further distinct class of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors is that ofmethoxytetrahydropyrans to which Zeneca ZD-2138 belongs. ZD-2138 isrepresented by Formula (5.2.11):

ZD-2138 is highly selective and highly active orally in a number ofspecies and has been evaluated in the treatment of asthma and rheumatoidarthritis by oral administration. Further details concerning ZD-2138 andderivatives thereof are disclosed in Crawley et al., J. Med. Chem., 352600, 1992; and Crawley et al, J. Med. Chem. 36 295, 1993.

Another distinct class of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors is that to which theSmithKline Beecham compound SB-210661 belongs. SB-210661 is representedby Formula (5.2.12):

Two further distinct and related classes of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitorscomprise a series of pyridinyl-substituted 2-cyanonaphthalene compoundsand a series of 2-cyanoquinoline compounds discovered by Merck Frosst.These two classes of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors are exemplified byL-739,010 and L-746,530, represented by Formulas (5.2.13) and (5.2.14)respectively:

Details concerning L-739,010 and L-746,530 are disclosed in Dube et al,“Quinolines as potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors: synthesis andbiological profile of L-746,530,“Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 81255-1260, 1998; and in WO 95/03309 (Friesen et al).

The class of methoxytetrahydropyrans including Zeneca ZD-2138 of Formula(5.2.11); or the lead compound SB-210661 of Formula (5.2.12) and theclass to which it belongs; or the series of pyridinyl-substituted2-cyanonaphthalene compounds to which L-739,010 belongs, or the seriesof 2-cyanoquinoline compounds to which L-746,530 belongs; or any of theabove-described derivatives of any of the above-mentioned classes, arecombined with the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) to form embodiments ofthe present invention.

In addition to the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, the other endogenous agentwhich plays a significant role in the biosynthesis of the leukotrienesis the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP). This role is anindirect one, in contrast to the direct role of the 5-lipoxygenaseenzyme. Nevertheless, antagonists of the 5-lipoxygenase activatingprotein are employed to inhibit the cellular synthesis of leukotrienes,and as such are also used in combination with the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) to form embodiments of the present invention.

Compounds which bind to the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein andthereby block utilization of the endogenous pool of archidonic acidwhich is present have been synthesized from indole and quinolinestructures; see Ford-Hutchinson et al., Ibid.; Rouzer et al. “MK-886, apotent and specific leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor blocks andreverses the membrane association of 5-lipoxygenase inionophore-challenged leukocytes,” J. Biol. Chem. 265 1436-42, 1990; andGorenne et al., “{(R)-2-quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid} (BAY x1005), a potent leukotriene synthesis inhibitor:effects on anti-IgE challenge in human airways,” J. Pharmacol. Exp.Ther. 268 868-72,1994

MK-591, which has been designated quiflipon sodium, is represented byFormula (5.2.15):

The above-mentioned indole and quinoline classes of compounds and thespecific compounds MK-591, MK-886, and BAY x 1005 to which they belong,or any of the above-described derivatives of any of the above-mentionedclasses, are combined with the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) to formembodiments of the present invention.

9.2 With Receptor Antagonists for Leukotrienes LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, andLTE₄

One or more compounds of Formula (1.0.0) is used in combination withreceptor antagonists for leukotrienes LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄. Themost significant of these leukotrienes in terms of mediatinginflammatory response, are LTB₄ and LTD₄. Classes of antagonists for thereceptors of these leukotrienes are described in the paragraphs whichfollow.

4-Bromo-2,7-diemethoxy-3H-phenothiazin-3-ones, including L-651,392, arepotent receptor antagonists for LTB₄ that are described in U.S. Pat. No.4,939,145 (Guindon et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,083 (Lau et al.).L-651,392 is represented by Formula (5.2.16):

A class of amidino compounds that includes CGS-25019c is described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,451,700 (Morrissey and Suh); U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,160(Morrissey); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,768 (Morrissey and Suh). Thesereceptor antagonists for LTB₄ are typified by CGS-25019c, which isrepresented by Formula (5.2.17):

Ontazolast, a member of a class of benzoxaolamines that are receptorantagonists for LTB₄, is described in EP 535 521 (Anderskewitz et al.);and is represented by Formula (5.2.18):

The same group of workers has also discovered a class ofbenzenecarboximidamides which are receptor antagonists for LTB₄,described in WO 97/21670 (Anderskewitz et al.); and WO 98/11119(Anderskewitz et al.); and which are typified by BIIL 284/260,represented by Formula (5.2.19):

Zafirlukast is a receptor antagonist for LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄ which issold commercially under the name Accolate®. It belongs to a class ofheterocyclic amide derivatives described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,692(Bernstein et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,097 (Holohan and Edwards); U.S.Pat. No. 5,294,636 (Edwards and Sherwood); U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,963; U.S.Pat. No. 5,583,152 (Bernstein et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,367(Timko et al.). Zafirlukast is represented by Formula (5.2.20):

Ablukast is a receptor antagonist for LTD₄ that is designated Ro23-3544/001, and is represented by Formula (5.2.21):

Montelukast is a receptor antagonist for LTD₄ which is sold commerciallyunder the name Singulair® and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,473.Montelukast is represented by Formula (5.2.22):

Other receptor antagonists for LTD₄ include pranlukast, verlukast(MK-679), RG-12525, Ro-245913, iralukast (CGP 45715A), and BAY x 7195.

The above-mentioned phenothiazin-3-one class of compounds, includingL-651,392; the class of amidino compounds that includes CGS-25019c; theclass of benzoxaolamines which includes Ontazolast; the class ofbenzenecarboximidamides which is typified by BIIL 284/260; theheterocyclic amide derivatives including Zafirlukast; Ablukast andMontelukast and the classes of compounds to which they belong; or any ofthe above-described derivatives of any of the above-mentioned classes,are combined with the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) to form embodimentsof the present invention.

9.3 With Other Therapeutic Agents to Form Further Combinations

One or more compounds of Formula (1.0.0) are used together with othertherapeutic agents as well as non-therapeutic agents to formcombinations that are further embodiments of the present invention andthat are useful in the treatment of a significant number of differentdiseases, disorders, and conditions described herein. Said embodimentscomprise one or more compounds of Formula (1.0.0) together with one ormore of the following:

-   (a) PDE4 inhibitors including inhibitors of the isoform PDE4D;-   (b) 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors; or 5-lipoxygenase activating    protein (FLAP) antagonists;-   (c) Dual inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and antagonists of    platelet activating factor (PAF);-   (d) Leukotriene antagonists (LTRAs) including antagonists of LTB₄,    LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄;-   (e) Antihistaminic H₁ receptor antagonists including cetirizine,    loratadine, desloratadine, fexofenadine, astemizole, azelastine, and    chlorpheniramine;-   (f) Gastroprotective H₂ receptor antagonists;-   (g) α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptor agonist vasoconstrictor sympathomimetic    agents administered orally or topically for decongestant use,    including propylhexedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine,    pseudoephedrine, naphazoline hydrochloride, oxymetazoline    hydrochloride, tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride, xylometazoline    hydrochloride, and ethylnorepinephrine hydrochloride;-   (h) α₁- and α₂-adrenoceptor agonists in combination with inhibitors    of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO);-   (i) Anticholinergic agents including ipratropium bromide;-   (j) β₁- to β₄-adrenoceptor agonists including isoprenaline,    albuterol, salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol, terbutaline,    orciprenaline, bitolterol mesylate, and pirbuterol;-   (k) Theophylline and aminophylline;-   (I) Sodium cromoglycate;-   (m) Muscarinic receptor (M1, M2, and M3) antagonists;-   (n) COX-1 inhibitors (NSAIDs); COX-2 selective inhibitors including    rofecoxib; and nitric oxide NSAIDs;-   (o) Insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1) mimetics;-   (p) Ciclesonide;-   (q) Inhaled glucocorticoids with reduced systemic side effects,    including flunisolide, triamcinolone acetonide, beclomethasone    dipropionate, budesonide, fluticasone propionate, and mometasone    furoate;-   (r) Tryptase inhibitors;-   (s) Platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists;-   (t) Monoclonal antibodies against endogenous inflammatory entities;-   (u) IPL 576;-   (v) Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) agents including Etanercept,    Infliximab, and D2E7;-   (w) DMARDs including Leflunomide;-   (x) TCR peptides;-   (y) Interleukin converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitors;-   (z) IMPDH inhibitors;-   (aa)Adhesion molecule inhibitors including VLA-4 antagonists;-   (bb)Cathepsins;-   (cc)MAP kinase inhibitors;-   (dd)Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors;-   (ee)Kinin-B₁- and B₂-receptor antagonists;-   (ff) Gold in the form of an aurothio group together with various    hydrophilic groups;-   (gg)Immunosuppressive agents, e.g., cyclosporine, azathioprine, and    methotrexate;-   (hh)Anti-gout agents, e.g., colchicine;-   (ii) Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, e.g., allopurinol;-   (jj) Uricosuric agents, e.g., probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, and    benzbromarone;-   (kk)Antineoplastic agents, especially antimitotic drugs including    the vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine and vincristine;-   (ll) Growth hormone secretagogues;-   (mm) Inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), i.e. the    stromelysins, the collagenases, and the gelatinases, as well as    aggrecanase; especially collagenase-1 (MMP-1), collagenase-2    (MMP-8), collagenase-3 (MMP-13), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3),    stromelysin-2 (MMP-10), and stromelysin-3 (MMP-11);-   (nn)Transforming growth factor (TGFP);-   (oo)Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF);-   (pp)Fibroblast growth factor, e.g., basic fibroblast growth factor    (bFGF);-   (qq)Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF);-   (rr) Capsaicin cream;-   (ss)Anti-emetic agents including NK-1 receptor antagonists and    D-4418; and-   (tt) Anti-depressants.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

10.0 Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations

The description which follows concerns the manner in which the compoundsof Formula (1.0.0), together with other therapeutic agents ornon-therapeutic agents where these are desired, are combined with whatare for the most part conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriersto form dosage forms suitable for the different routes of administrationwhich are utilized for any given patient, as well as appropriate to thedisease, disorder, or condition for which any given patient is beingtreated.

The preferred routes of administration for the compounds of Formula(1.0.0) are by way of oral and aerosol formulations prepared anddelivered in a conventional fashion. Detailed information regarding thepreparation of such formulations and the manner in which they are to begiven to a patient in need of treatment are discussed further below.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise anyone or more of the above-described inhibitory compounds of the presentinvention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as alsoabove-described, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier inaccordance with the properties and expected performance of such carrierswhich are well-known in the pertinent art.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carriermaterials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon thehost treated, and the particular mode of administration. It should beunderstood, however, that a specific dosage and treatment regimen forany particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, includingthe activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight,general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion,drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and theseverity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of activeingredient may also depend upon the therapeutic or prophylactic agent,if any, with which the ingredient is co-administered.

The above-described compounds of the present invention may be utilizedin the form of acids, esters, or other chemical classes of compounds towhich the compounds described belong. It is also within the scope of thepresent invention to utilize those compounds in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from various organic andinorganic acids and bases in accordance with procedures described indetail above and well known in the art. An active ingredient comprisinga compound of Formula (1.0.0) is often utilized in the form of a saltthereof, especially where said salt form confers on said activeingredient improved pharmacokinetic properties as compared to the freeform of said active ingredient or some other salt form of said activeingredient utilized previously. The pharmaceutically acceptable saltform of said active ingredient may also initially confer a desirablepharmacokinetic property on said active ingredient which it did notpreviously possess, and may even positively affect the pharmacodynamicsof said active ingredient with respect to its therapeutic activity inthe body.

The pharmacokinetic properties of said active ingredient which may befavorably affected include, e.g., the manner in which said activeingredient is transported across cell membranes, which in turn maydirectly and positively affect the absorption, distribution,biotransformation and excretion of said active ingredient. While theroute of administration of the pharmaceutical composition is important,and various anatomical, physiological and pathological factors cancritically affect bioavailability, the solubility of said activeingredient is usually dependent upon the character of the particularsalt form thereof which it utilized. Further, as the artisanunderstands, an aqueous solution of said active ingredient will providethe most rapid absorption of said active ingredient into the body of apatient being treated, while lipid solutions and suspensions, as well assolid dosage forms, will result in less rapid absorption of said activeingredient. Oral ingestion of said active ingredient is the mostpreferred route of administration for reasons of safety, convenience,and economy, but absorption of such an oral dosage form can be adverselyaffected by physical characteristics such as polarity, emesis caused byirritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, destruction by digestiveenzymes and low pH, irregular absorption or propulsion in the presenceof food or other drugs, and metabolism by enzymes of the mucosa, theintestinal flora, or the liver. Formulation of said active ingredientinto different pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms may be effectivein overcoming or alleviating one or more of the above-recited problemsencountered with absorption of oral dosage forms.

Among the pharmaceutical salts recited further above, those which arepreferred include, but are not limited to acetate, besylate, citrate,fumarate, gluconate, hemisuccinate, hippurate, hydrochloride,hydrobromide, isethionate, mandelate, meglumine, nitrate, oleate,phosphonate, pivalate, sodium phosphate, stearate, sulfate,sulfosalicylate, tartrate, thiomalate, tosylate, and tromethamine.

Multiple salts forms are included within the scope of the presentinvention where a compound of the present invention contains more thanone group capable of forming such pharmaceutically acceptable salts.Examples of typical multiple salt forms include, but are not limited tobitartrate, diacetate, difumarate, dimeglumine, diphosphate, disodium,and trihydrochloride.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise anyone or more of the above-described inhibitory compounds of the presentinvention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as alsoabove-described, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier inaccordance with the properties and expected performance of such carrierswhich are well-known in the pertinent art.

The term “carrier” as used herein includes acceptable diluents,excipients, adjuvants, vehicles, solubilization aids, viscositymodifiers, preservatives and other agents well known to the artisan forproviding favorable properties in the final pharmaceutical composition.In order to illustrate such carriers, there follows a brief survey ofpharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in thepharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, and thereafter amore detailed description of the various types of ingredients. Typicalcarriers include but are by no means limited to, ion exchangecompositions; alumina; aluminum stearate; lecithin; serum proteins,e.g., human serum albumin; phosphates; glycine; sorbic acid; potassiumsorbate; partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids;hydrogenated palm oils; water; salts or electrolytes, e.g., prolaminesulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate,sodium chloride, and zinc salts; colloidal silica; magnesiumtrisilicate; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; cellulose-based substances; e.g.,sodium carboxymethylcellulose; polyethylene glycol; polyacrylates;waxes; polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers; and wool fat.

More particularly, the carriers used in the pharmaceutical compositionsof the present invention comprise various classes and species ofadditives which are members independently selected from the groupsconsisting essentially of those recited in the following paragraphs.

Acidifying and alkalizing agents are added to obtain a desired orpredetermined pH and comprise acidifying agents, e.g., acetic acid,glacial acetic acid, malic acid, and propionic acid. Stronger acids suchas hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid may be used but areless preferred. Alkalizing agents include, e.g., edetol, potassiumcarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, andsodium hydroxide. Alkalizing agents which contain active amine groups,such as diethanolamine and trolamine, may also be used.

Aerosol propellants are required where the pharmaceutical composition isto be delivered as an aerosol under significant pressure. Suchpropellants include, e.g., acceptable fluorochlorohydrocarbons such asdichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, andtrichloromonofluoromethane; nitrogen; or a volatile hydrocarbon such asbutane, propane, isobutane or mixtures thereof.

Antimicrobial agents including antibacterial, antifungal andantiprotozoal agents are added where the pharmaceutical composition istopically applied to areas of the skin which are likely to have sufferedadverse conditions or sustained abrasions or cuts which expose the skinto infection by bacteria, fungi or protozoa. Antimicrobial agentsinclude such compounds as benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, phenylethylalcohol, phenylmercuric acetate, potassium sorbate, and sorbic acid.Antifungal agents include such compounds as benzoic acid, butylparaben,ethylparaben, methylparaben, propylparaben, and sodium benzoate.

Antimicrobial preservatives are added to the pharmaceutical compositionsof the present invention in order to protect them against the growth ofpotentially harmful microorganisms, which usually invade the aqueousphase, but in some cases can also grow in the oil phase of acomposition. Thus, preservatives with both aqueous and lipid solubilityare desirable. Suitable antimicrobial preservatives include, e.g., alkylesters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, propionate salts, phenoxyethanol,methylparaben sodium, propylparaben sodium, sodium dehydroacetate,benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, hydantoinderivatives, quaternary ammonium compounds and cationic polymers,imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, and trisodium ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA). Preservatives are preferably employed in amountsranging from about 0.01% to about 2.0% by weight of the totalcomposition.

Antioxidants are added to protect all of the ingredients of thepharmaceutical composition from damage or degradation by oxidizingagents present in the composition itself or the use environment, e.g.,anoxomer, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylatedhydroxytoluene, hypophosphorous acid, potassium metabisulfite, propyloctyl and dodecyl gallate, sodium metabisulfite, sulfur dioxide, andtocopherols.

Buffering agents are used to maintain a desired pH of a composition onceestablished, from the effects of outside agents and shifting equilibriaof components of the composition. The buffering may be selected fromamong those familiar to the artisan skilled in the preparation ofpharmaceutical compositions, e.g., calcium acetate, potassiummetaphosphate, potassium phosphate monobasic, and tartaric acid.

Chelating agents are used to help maintain the ionic strength of thepharmaceutical composition and bind to and effectively removedestructive compounds and metals, and include, e.g., edetatedipotassium, edetate disodium, and edetic acid.

Dermatologically active agents are added to the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention where they are to be appliedtopically, and include, e.g., wound healing agents such as peptidederivatives, yeast, panthenol, hexylresorcinol, phenol, tetracyclinehydrochloride, lamin and kinetin; retinoids for treating skin cancer,e.g., retinol, tretinoin, isotretinoin, etretinate, acitretin, andarotinoid; mild antibacterial agents for treating skin infections, e.g.,resorcinol, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, erythromycin-benzoylperoxide, erythromycin, and clindamycin; antifungal agents for treatingtinea corporis, tinea pedis, candidiasis and tinea versicolor, e.g.,griseofulvin, azoles such as miconazole, econazole, itraconazole,fluconazole, and ketoconazole, and allylamines such as naftifine andterfinafine; antiviral agents for treating cutaneous herpes simplex,herpes zoster, and chickenpox, e.g., acyclovir, famciclovir, andvalacyclovir; antihistamines for treating pruritis, atopic and contactdermatitis, e.g., diphenhydramine, terfenadine, astemizole, loratadine,cetirizine, acrivastine, and temelastine; topical anesthetics forrelieving pain, irritation and itching, e.g., benzocaine, lidocaine,dibucaine, and pramoxine hydrochloride; topical analgesics for relievingpain and inflammation, e.g., methyl salicylate, camphor, menthol, andresorcinol; topical antiseptics for preventing infection, e.g.,benzalkonium chloride and povidone-iodine; and vitamins and derivativesthereof such as tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, retinoic acid andretinol.

Dispersing and suspending agents are used as aids for the preparation ofstable formulations and include, e.g., poligeenan, povidone, and silicondioxide.

Emollients are agents, preferably non-oily and water-soluble, whichsoften and soothe the skin, especially skin that has become dry becauseof excessive loss of water. Such agents are used with pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention which are intended for topicalapplications, and include,, e.g., hydrocarbon oils and waxes,triglyceride esters, acetylated monoglycerides, methyl and other alkylesters of C₁₀-C₂₀ fatty acids, C₁₀ -C₂₀ fatty acids, C₁₀-C₂₀ fattyalcohols, lanolin and derivatives, polyhydric alcohol esters such aspolyethylene glycol (200-600), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acidesters, wax esters, phospholipids, and sterols; emulsifying agents usedfor preparing oil-in-water emulsions; excipients, e.g., laurocapram andpolyethylene glycol monomethyl ether; humectants, e.g., sorbitol,glycerin and hyaluronic acid; ointment bases, e.g., petrolatum,polyethylene glycol, lanolin, and poloxamer; penetration enhancers,e.g., dimethyl isosorbide, diethyl-glycol-monoethylether,1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO);preservatives, e.g., benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, alkylesters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydantoin derivatives, cetylpyridiniumchloride, propylparaben, quaternary ammonium compounds such as potassiumbenzoate, and thimerosal; sequestering agents comprising cyclodextrins;solvents, e.g., acetone, alcohol, amylene hydrate, butyl alcohol, cornoil, cottonseed oil, ethyl acetate, glycerin, hexylene glycol, isopropylalcohol, isostearyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, methylene chloride, mineraloil, peanut oil, phosphoric acid, polyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene15 stearyl ether, propylene glycol, propylene glycol diacetate, sesameoil, and purified water; stabilizers, e.g., calcium saccharate andthymol; surfactants, e.g., lapyrium chloride; laureth,4, i.e.,α-dodecyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) or polyethylene glycolmonododecyl ether.

Emulsifying agents, including emulsifying and stiffening agents andemulsion adjuncts, are used for preparing oil-in-water emulsions whenthese form the basis of the pharmaceutical compositions of the presentinvention. Such emulsifying agents include, e.g., non-ionic emulsifierssuch as C₁₀-C₂₀ fatty alcohols and said fatty alcohols condensed withfrom 2 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, (C₆-C₁₂)alkylphenols condensed with from 2 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide, mono- anddi- C₁₀-C₂₀ fatty acid esters of ethylene glycol, C₁₀-C₂₀ fatty acidmonoglyceride, diethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols of MW 200-6000,polypropylene glycols of MW 200-3000, and particularly sorbitol,sorbitan, polyoxyethylene sorbitol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan,hydrophilic wax esters, cetostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, lanolinalcohols, cholesterol, mono- and di-glycerides, glyceryl monostearate,polyethylene glycol monostearate, mixed mono- and distearic esters ofethylene glycol and polyoxyethylene glycol, propylene glycolmonostearate, and hydroxypropyl cellulose. Emulsifying agents whichcontain active amine groups may also be used and typically includeanionic emulsifiers such as fatty acid soaps, e.g., sodium, potassiumand triethanolamine soaps of C₁₀-C₂₀ fatty acids; alkali metal, ammoniumor substituted ammonium (C₁₀-C₃₀)alkyl sulfates, (C₁₀-C₃0)alkylsulfonates, and (C₁₀-C₅₀)alkyl ethoxy ether sulfonates. Other suitableemulsifying agents include castor oil and hydrogenated castor oil;lecithin; and polymers of 2-propenoic acid together with polymers ofacrylic acid, both cross-linked with allyl ethers of sucrose and/orpentaerythritol, having varying viscosities and identified by productnames carbomer 910, 934, 934P, 940, 941, and 1342. Cationic emulsifiershaving active amine groups may also be used, including those based onquaternary ammonium, morpholinium and pyridinium compounds. Similarly,amphoteric emulsifiers having active amine groups, such as cocobetaines,lauryl dimethylamine oxide and cocoylimidazoline, may be used. Usefulemulsifying and stiffening agents also include cetyl alcohol and sodiumstearate; and emulsion adjuncts such as oleic acid, stearic acid, andstearyl alcohol.

Excipients include, e.g., laurocapram and polyethylene glycol monomethylether.

Where the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is to beapplied topically, penetration enhancers may be used, which include,e.g., dimethyl isosorbide, diethyl-glycol-monoethylether,1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Suchcompositions will also typically include ointment bases, e.g.,petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, lanolin, and poloxamer, which is ablock copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene, which may alsoserve as a surfactant or emulsifying agent.

Preservatives are used to protect pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention from degradative attack by ambient microorganisms, andinclude, e.g., benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, alkylesters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydantoin derivatives, cetylpyridiniumchloride, monothioglycerol, phenol, phenoxyethanol, methylparagen,imidazolidinyl urea, sodium dehydroacetate, propylparaben, quaternaryammonium compounds, especially polymers such as polixetonium chloride,potassium benzoate, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, sodium propionate,and thimerosal.

Sequestering agents are used to improve the stability of thepharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and include, e.g.,the cyclodextrins which are a family of natural cyclic oligosaccharidescapable of forming inclusion complexes with a variety of materials, andare of varying ring sizes, those having 6-, 7- and 8-glucose residues ina ring being commonly referred to as α-cyclodextrins, β-cyclodextrins,and γ-cyclodextrins, respectively. Suitable cyclodextrins include, e.g.,(α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, δ-cyclodextrin andcationized cyclodextrins.

Solvents which may be used in preparing the pharmaceutical compositionsof the present invention include, e.g., acetone, alcohol, amylenehydrate, butyl alcohol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, ethyl acetate,glycerin, hexylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, methylalcohol, methylene chloride, mineral oil, peanut oil, phosphoric acid,polyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene 15 stearyl ether, propyleneglycol, propylene glycol diacetate, sesame oil, and purified water.

Stabilizers which are suitable for use include, e.g., calcium saccharateand thymol.

Stiffening agents are typically used in formulations for topicalapplications in order to provide desired viscosity and handlingcharacteristics and include, e.g., cetyl esters wax, myristyl alcohol,parafin, synthetic parafin, emulsifying wax, microcrystalline wax, whitewax and yellow wax.

Sugars are often used to impart a variety of desired characteristics tothe pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention and in order toimprove the results obtained, and include, e.g., monosaccharides,disaccharides and polysaccharides such as glucose, xylose, fructose,reose, ribose, pentose, arabinose, allose, tallose, altrose, mannose,galactose, lactose, sucrose, erythrose, glyceraldehyde, or anycombination thereof.

Surfactants are employed to provide stability for multi-componentpharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, enhance existingproperties of those compositions, and bestow desirable newcharacteristics on said compositions. Surfactants are used as wettingagents, antifoam agents, for reducing the surface tension of water, andas emulsifiers, dispersing agents and penetrants, and include, e.g.,lapyrium chloride; laureth 4, i.e.,α-dodecyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) or polyethylene glycolmonododecyl ether; laureth 9, i.e., a mixture of polyethylene glycolmonododecyl ethers averaging about 9 ethylene oxide groups per molecule;monoethanolamine; nonoxynol 4, 9 and 10, i.e., polyethylene glycolmono(p-nonylphenyl) ether; nonoxynol 15, i.e.,α-(p-nonylphenyl)-ω-hydroxypenta-deca(oxyethylene); nonoxynol 30, i.e.,α-(p-nonylphenyl)-ω-hydroxytriaconta(oxyethylene); poloxalene, i.e.,nonionic polymer of the polyethylene-polypropylene glycol type,MW=approx. 3000; poloxamer, referred to in the discussion of ointmentbases further above; polyoxyl 8, 40 and 50 stearate, i.e.,poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-hydro-ω-hydroxy-; octadecanoate; polyoxyl 10oleyl ether, i.e., poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl),α-[(Z)-9-octadecenyl-ω-hydroxy-; polysorbate 20, i.e., sorbitan,monododecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polysorbate 40, i.e.,sorbitan, monohexadecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polysorbate 60,i.e., sorbitan, monooctadecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polysorbate65, i.e., sorbitan, trioctadecanoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl);polysorbate 80, i.e., sorbitan, mono-9-monodecenoate,poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); polysorbate 85, i.e., sorbitan,tri-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl); sodium lauryl sulfate;sorbitan monolaurate; sorbitan monooleate; sorbitan monopalmitate;sorbitan monostearate; sorbitan sesquioleate; sorbitan trioleate; andsorbitan tristearate.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be preparedusing very straightforward methodology which is well understood by theartisan of ordinary skill. Where the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention are simple aqueous and/or other solvent solutions, thevarious components of the overall composition are brought together inany practical order, which will be dictated largely by considerations ofconvenience. Those components having reduced water solubility, butsufficient solubility in the same co-solvent with water, may all bedissolved in said co-solvent, after which the co-solvent solution willbe added to the water portion of the carrier whereupon the solutestherein will become dissolved in the water. To aid in thisdispersion/solution process, a surfactant may be employed.

Where the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are to bein the form of emulsions, the components of the pharmaceuticalcomposition will be brought together in accordance with the followinggeneral procedures. The continuous water phase is first heated to atemperature in the range of from about 60° to about 95° C., preferablyfrom about 70° to about 85° C., the choice of which temperature to usebeing dependent upon the physical and chemical properties of thecomponents which make up the oil-in-water emulsion. Once the continuouswater phase has reached its selected temperature, the components of thefinal composition to be added at this stage are admixed with the waterand dispersed therein under high-speed agitation. Next, the temperatureof the water is restored to approximately its original level, afterwhich the components of the composition which comprise the next stageare added to the composition mixture under moderate agitation and mixingcontinues for from about 5 to about 60 minutes, preferably about 10 toabout 30 minutes, depending on the components of the first two stages.Thereafter, the composition mixture is passively or actively cooled tofrom about 20° to about 55° C. for addition of any components in theremaining stages, after which water is added in sufficient quantity toreach its original predetermined concentration in the overallcomposition.

According to the present invention, the pharmaceutical compositions maybe in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example asterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension maybe formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitabledispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterileinjectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution orsuspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent,for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptablevehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solutionand isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oilsare conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For thispurpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceridederivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as do naturalpharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil,especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions orsuspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant,such as Rh, HCIX or similar alcohol.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be orallyadministered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but notlimited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In thecase of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used includelactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate,are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form,useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueoussuspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combinedwith emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening,flavoring or coloring agents may also be added. Alternatively, thepharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in theform of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be preparedby mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient which issolid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature andtherefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materialsinclude cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also beadministered topically, especially when the target of treatment includesareas or organs readily accessible by topical application, includingdiseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitabletopical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas ororgans.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in arectal suppository formulation, as described above, or in a suitableenema formulation. Topically active transdermal patches may also beused.

For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions may beformulated in a suitable ointment containing the active componentsuspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topicaladministration of the compounds of this invention include, but are notlimited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propyleneglycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax andwater. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulatedin a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspendedor dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitanmonostearate, polysorbate, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol,2-octyidodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

Pharmaceutical compositions within the scope of the present inventioninclude those wherein the therapeutically effective amount of an activeingredient comprising a compound of the present invention required fortreating or preventing diseases, disorders, and conditions mediated byor associated with modulation of PDE4, especially PDE4D activity asdescribed herein, is provided in a dosage form suitable for systemicadministration. Such a pharmaceutical composition will contain saidactive ingredient in suitable liquid form for delivery by: (1) injectionor infusion which is intraarterial, intra- or transdermal, subcutaneous,intramuscular, intraspinal, intrathecal, or intravenous, wherein saidactive ingredient: (a) is contained in solution as a solute; (b) iscontained in the discontinuous phase of an emulsion, or thediscontinuous phase of an inverse emulsion which inverts upon injectionor infusion, said emulsions containing suitable emulsifying agents; or(c) is contained in a suspension as a suspended. solid in colloidal ormicroparticulate form, said suspension containing suitable suspendingagents; (2) injection or infusion into suitable body tissues or cavitiesas a depot, wherein said composition provides storage of said activeingredient and thereafter delayed-,sustained-, and/or controlled-releaseof said active ingredient for systemic distribution; (3) instillation,inhalation or insufflation into suitable body tissues or cavities ofsaid pharmaceutical composition in suitable solid form, where saidactive ingredient: (a) is contained in a solid implant compositionproviding delayed-, sustained-, and/or controlled-release of said activeingredient; (b) is contained in a particulate composition to be inhaledinto the lungs; or (c) is contained in a particulate composition to beblown into suitable body tissues or cavities, where said compositionoptionally provides delayed-, sustained-, and/or controlled-release ofsaid active ingredient; or (4) ingestion of said pharmaceuticalcomposition in suitable solid or liquid form for peroral delivery ofsaid active ingredient, where said active ingredient is contained in asolid dosage form; or (b) is contained in a liquid dosage form.

Particular dosage forms of the above-described pharmaceuticalcompositions include (1) suppositories as a special type of implant,comprising bases which are solid at room temperature but melt at bodytemperature, slowly releasing the active ingredient with which they areimpregnated into the surrounding tissue of the body, where the activeingredient becomes absorbed and transported to effect systemicadministration; (2) solid peroral dosage forms selected from the groupconsisting of (a) delayed-release oral tablets, capsules, caplets,lozenges, troches, and multiparticulates; (b) enteric-coated tablets andcapsules which prevent release and absorption in the stomach tofacilitate delivery distal to the stomach of the patient being treated;(c) sustained-release oral tablets, capsules and microparticulates whichprovide systemic delivery of the active ingredient in a controlledmanner up to a 24-hour period; (d) fast-dissolving tablets; (e)encapsulated solutions; (f) an oral paste; (g) a granular formincorporated in or to be incorporated in the food of a patient beingtreated; and (h) liquid peroral dosage forms selected from the groupconsisting of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, inverse emulsions,elixirs, extracts, tinctures, and concentrates.

Pharmaceutical compositions within the scope of the present inventioninclude those wherein the therapeutically effective amount of an activeingredient comprising a compound of the present invention required fortreating or preventing diseases, disorders, and conditions mediated byor associated with modulation of PDE4, especially PDE4D activity asdescribed herein is provided in a dosage form suitable for localadministration to a patient being treated, wherein said pharmaceuticalcomposition contains said active ingredient in suitable liquid form fordelivering said active ingredient by: (1) injection or infusion into alocal site which is intraarterial, intraarticular, intrachondrial,intracostal, intracystic, intra- or transdermal, intrafasicular,intraligamentous, intramedulary, intramuscular, intranasal, intraneural,intraocular, i.e., opthalmic administration, intraosteal, intrapelvic,intrapericardial, intraspinal, intrasternal, intrasynovial, intratarsal,or intrathecal; including components which provide delayed-release,controlled-release, and/or sustained-release of said active ingredientinto said local site; where said active ingredient is contained: (a) insolution as a solute; (b) in the discontinuous phase of an emulsion, orthe discontinuous phase of an inverse emulsion which inverts uponinjection or infusion, said emulsions containing suitable emulsifyingagents; or (c) in a suspension as a suspended solid in colloidal ormicroparticulate form, said suspension containing suitable suspendingagents; or (2) injection or infusion as a depot for delivering saidactive ingredient to said local site; wherein said composition providesstorage of said active ingredient and thereafter delayed-, sustained-,and/or controlled-release of said active ingredient into said localsite, and wherein said composition also includes components which ensurethat said active ingredient has predominantly local activity, withlittle systemic carryover activity; or wherein said pharmaceuticalcomposition contains said active ingredient in suitable solid form fordelivering said inhibitor by: (3) instillation, inhalation orinsufflation to said local site, where said active ingredient iscontained: (a) in a solid implant composition which is installed in saidlocal site, said composition optionally providing delayed-, sustained-,and/or controlled-release of said active ingredient to said local site;(b) in a particulate composition which is inhaled into a local sitecomprising the lungs; or (c) in a particulate composition which is blowninto a local site, where said composition includes components which willensure that said active ingredient has predominantly local activity,with insignificant systemic carryover activity, and optionally providesdelayed-, sustained-, and/or controlled-release of said activeingredient to said local site. For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceuticalcompositions may be formulated as micronized suspension in isotonic, pHadjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pHadjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such asbenzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, thepharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such aspetrolatum.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also beadministered by nasal aerosol or inhalation through the use of anebulizer, a dry powder inhaler or a metered dose inhaler. Suchcompositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the artof pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions insaline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives,absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, hydrofluorocarbons,and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

As already mentioned, the active ingredients of Formula (1.0.0) of thepresent invention may be administered systemically to a patient to betreated as a pharmaceutical composition in suitable liquid form byinjection or infusion. There are a number of sites and organ systems inthe body of the patient which will allow the properly formulatedpharmaceutical composition, once injected or infused, to permeate theentire body and all of the organ system of the patient being treated. Aninjection is a single dose of the pharmaceutical composition forced,usually by a syringe, into the tissue involved. The most common types ofinjections are intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous. Bycontrast, an infusion is the gradual introduction of the pharmaceuticalcomposition into the tissue involved. The most common type of infusionis intravenous. Other types of injection or infusion compriseintraarterial, intra- or transdermal (including subcutaneous), orintraspinal especially intrathecal. In these liquid pharmaceuticalcompositions, the active ingredient may be contained in solution as thesolute. This is the most common and most preferred type of suchcomposition, but requires an active ingredient in a salt form that hasreasonably good aqueous solubility. Water (or saline) is by far the mostpreferred solvent for such compositions. Occasionally supersaturatedsolutions may be utilized, but these present stability problems thatmake them impractical for use on an everyday basis.

If it is not possible to obtain a form of some compound of Formula(1.0.0) that has the requisite degree of aqueous solubility, as maysometimes occur, it is within the skill of the artisan to prepare anemulsion, which is a dispersion of small globules of one liquid, thediscontinuous or internal phase, throughout a second liquid, thecontinuous or external phase, with which it is immiscible. The twoliquids are maintained in an emulsified state by the use of emulsifierswhich are pharmaceutically acceptable. Thus, if the active ingredient isa water-insoluble oil, it can be administered in an emulsion of which itis the discontinuous phase. Also where the active ingredient iswater-insoluble but can be dissolved in a solvent which is immisciblewith water, an emulsion can be used. While the active ingredient wouldmost commonly be used as the discontinuous or internal phase of what isreferred to as an oil-in-water emulsion, it could also be used as thediscontinuous or internal phase of an inverse emulsion, which iscommonly referred to as a water-in-oil emulsion. Here the activeingredient is soluble in water and could be administered as a simpleaqueous solution. However, inverse emulsions invert upon injection orinfusion into an aqueous medium such as the blood, and offer theadvantage of providing a more rapid and efficient dispersion of theactive ingredient into that aqueous medium than can be obtained using anaqueous solution. Inverse emulsions are prepared by using suitable,pharmaceutically acceptable emulsifying agents well known in the art.Where the active ingredient has limited water solubility, it may also beadministered as a suspended solid in colloidal or microparticulate formin a suspension prepared using suitable, pharmaceutically acceptablesuspending agents. The suspended solids containing the active ingredientmay also be formulated as delayed-, sustained-, and/orcontrolled-release compositions.

While systemic administration will most frequently be carried out byinjection or infusion of a liquid, there are many situations in which itwill be advantageous or even necessary to deliver the active ingredientas a solid. Systemic administration of solids is carried out byinstillation, inhalation or insufflation of a pharmaceutical compositionin suitable solid form containing the active ingredient. Instillation ofthe active ingredient may entail installing a solid implant compositioninto suitable body tissues or cavities. The implant may comprise amatrix of bio-compatible and bio-erodible materials in which particlesof a solid active ingredient are dispersed, or in which, possibly,globules or isolated cells of a liquid active ingredient are entrapped.Desirably, the matrix will be broken down and completely absorbed by thebody. The composition of the matrix is also preferably selected toprovide controlled-, sustained-, and/or delayed release of the activeingredient over extended periods of time, even as much as severalmonths.

The term “implant” most often denotes a solid pharmaceutical compositioncontaining the active ingredient, while the term “depot” usually impliesa liquid pharmaceutical composition containing the active ingredient,which is deposited in any suitable body tissues or cavities to form areservoir or pool which slowly migrates to surrounding tissues andorgans and eventually becomes systemically distributed. However, thesedistinctions are not always rigidly adhered to in the art, andconsequently, it is contemplated that there is included within the scopeof the present invention liquid implants and solid depots, and evenmixed solid and liquid forms for each. Suppositories may be regarded asa type of implant, since they comprise bases which are solid at roomtemperature but melt at a patient's body temperature, slowly releasingthe active ingredient with which they are impregnated into thesurrounding tissue of the patient's body, where the active ingredientbecomes absorbed and transported to effect systemic administration.

Systemic administration can also be accomplished by inhalation orinsufflation of a powder, i.e., particulate composition containing theactive ingredient. For example, the active ingredient in powder form maybe inhaled into the lungs using conventional devices for aerosolizingparticulate formulations. The active ingredient as a particulateformulation may also be administered by insufflation, i.e., blown orotherwise dispersed into suitable body tissues or cavities by simpledusting or using conventional devices for aerosolizing particulateformulations. These particulate compositions may also be formulated toprovide delayed-, sustained-, and/or controlled-release of the activeingredient in accordance with well understood principles and knownmaterials.

Other means of systemic administration which may utilize the activeingredients of the present invention in either liquid or solid forminclude transdermal, intranasal, and opthalmic routes. In particular,transdermal patches prepared in accordance with well known drug deliverytechnology may be prepared and applied to the skin of a patient to betreated, whereafter the active agent by reason of its formulatedsolubility characteristics migrates across the epidermis and into thedermal layers of the patient's skin where it is taken up as part of thegeneral circulation of the patient, ultimately providing systemicdistribution of the active ingredient over a desired, extended period oftime. Also included are implants which are placed beneath the epidermallayer of the skin, i.e. between the epidermis and the dermis of the skinof the patient being treated. Such an implant will be formulated inaccordance with well known principles and materials commonly used inthis delivery technology, and may be prepared in such a way as toprovide controlled-, sustained-, and/or delayed-release of the activeingredient into the systemic circulation of the patient. Suchsubepidermal (subcuticular) implants provide the same facility ofinstallation and delivery efficiency as transdermal patches, but withoutthe limitation of being subject to degradation, damage or accidentalremoval as a consequence of being exposed on the top layer of thepatient's skin.

In the above description of pharmaceutical compositions containing anactive ingredient of Formula (1.0.0), the equivalent expressions:“administration”, “administration of”, “administering”, and“administering a” have been used with respect to said pharmaceuticalcompositions. As thus employed, these expressions are intended to meanproviding to a patient in need of treatment a pharmaceutical compositionof the present invention by any of the routes of administration hereindescribed, wherein the active ingredient is a compound of Formula(1.0.0) or a prodrug, derivative, or metabolite thereof which is usefulin treating a disease, disorder, or condition mediated by or associatedwith modulation of PDE4, especially PDE4D activity in said patient.Accordingly, there is included within the scope of the present inventionany other compound which, upon administration to a patient, is capableof directly or indirectly providing a compound of Formula (1.0.0). Suchcompounds are recognized as prodrugs, and a number of establishedprocedures are available for preparing such prodrug forms of thecompounds of Formula (1.0.0).

The dosage and dose rate of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) effectivefor treating or preventing a disease, disorder, or condition mediated byor associated with modulation of PDE4, especially PDE4D activity, willdepend on a variety of factors, such as the nature of the inhibitor, thesize of the patient, the goal of the treatment, the nature of thepathology to be treated, the specific pharmaceutical composition used,and the observations and conclusions of the treating physician.

For example, where the dosage form is oral, e.g., a tablet or capsule,suitable dosage levels of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) will bebetween about 0.1 μg/kg and about 50.0 mg/kg body weight per day,preferably between about 5.0 μg/kg and about 5.0 mg/kg body weight perday, more preferably between about 10.0 μg/kg and about 1.0 mg/kg ofbody weight per day, and most preferably between about 20.0 μg/kg andabout 0.5 mg/kg of body weight per day of the active ingredient.

Where the dosage form is topically administered to the bronchia andlungs, e.g., by means of a powder inhaler or nebulizer, suitable dosagelevels of the compounds of Formula (1.0.0) will be between about 0.001μg/kg and about 10.0 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about0.5 μg/kg and about 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day, more preferablybetween about 1.0 μg/kg and about 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day, andmost preferably between about 2.0 μg/kg and about 0.05 mg/kg of bodyweight per day of the active ingredient.

Using representative body weights of 10 kg and 100 kg in order toillustrate the range of daily aerosolized topical dosages which might beused as described above, suitable dosage levels of the compounds ofFormula (1.0.0) will be between about 1.0-10.0 μg and 500.0-5000.0 mgper day, preferably between about 5.0-50.0 μg and 5.0-50.0 mg per day,more preferably between about 100.0-1000.0 μg and 10.0-100.0 mg per day,and most preferably between about 200.0-2000.0 μg and about 5.0-50.0 mgper day of the active ingredient comprising a compound of Formula(1.0.0). These ranges of dosage amounts represent total dosage amountsof the active ingredient per day for a given patient. The number oftimes per day that a dose is administered will depend upon suchpharmacological and pharmacokinetic factors as the half-life of theactive ingredient, which reflects its rate of catabolism and clearance,as well as the minimal and optimal blood plasma or other body fluidlevels of said active ingredient attained in the patient which arerequired for therapeutic efficacy

Numerous other factors must also be considered in deciding upon thenumber of doses per day and the amount of active ingredient per dosethat will be administered. Not the least important of such other factorsis the individual response of the patient being treated. Thus, forexample, where the active ingredient is used to treat or prevent asthma,and is administered topically via aerosol inhalation into the lungs,from one to four doses consisting of acuations of a dispensing device,i.e., “puffs” of an inhaler, will be administered each day, each dosecontaining from about 50.0 μg to about 10.0 mg of active ingredient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 11.0 Preparations and WorkingExamples Preparation 1a 2-[Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy]-nicotinic acidethyl ester of Formula (5.0.1)

A mixture of 5.5 g (29.4 mmol.) 2-chloro nicotinic acid ethyl ester, 4.0g (29.4 mmol.) 5-hydroxybenzofurazan and 20.1 g (61.7 mmol.) cesiumcarbonate in 125 ml dry dimethylforamide was heated at 90° C. for fivedays. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethylacetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined, washed successivelywith sodium bicarbonate solution, water, brine then dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated in vacuo to give a solid. Recrystallization from diethylether/pentane gave 2.2 g (26%) solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.3 (m, 2H), 7.8 (d, 1H, J=10 Hz), 7.2 (m, 3H), 4.4(q, 2H, J=7 Hz), 1.4 (t, 3H, J=7 Hz).

GC-MS (m/z): 285 (M⁺, 20), 122 (100).

Preparation 1b 2-[Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy]-nicotinic acid ofFormula (5.0.2)

A mixture of 2.2 g (7.7 mmol.)2-[benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy]-nicotinic acid ethyl ester and 23.1 ml(23.1 mmol.) 1M LiOH in 75 ml tetrahydrofuran was stirred overnight atroom temperature. The tetrahydrofuran was evaporated in vacuo and theaqueous mixture acidified with 1N HCl. The resulting precipitate wasfiltered and dried to give 1.9 g (96%) solid.

¹H-NMR (CH₃OD): δ 8.4 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.3 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz), 8.0 (d,1H, J=9 Hz), 7.6 (s, 1H), 7.5 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.2 (dd, 1H, 5, 8 Hz).

MS (m/z): 257 (M⁺, 20), 256 (100).

Preparation 2 Benzo-[2,1,3]-thiadiazol-5-ol of Formula (5.0.3)

5-Methoxybenzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole (4.09 g, 24.6 mmol) was stirred withhydrobromic acid (60 mL, 165 mmol, 30% in acetic acid) at 80° C. 5 days.The mixture was cooled to 10° C. and filtered. The solids were purifiedby short column chromatography (50% ethyl acetate/hexane). Solvents werestripped in vacuo to afford 1.0 g of a yellow solid (27% yield).

¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ 7.81 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.30 (s,1H).

Preparation 3 2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid ethylester of Formula (5.0.4)

A mixture of 2-chloro-nicotinic acid ethyl ester (0.516 g, 3 mmol),benzo-[2,1,3]-thiadiazol-5-ol (0.46 g, 3 mmol) and cesium carbonate(2.07 g, 6.3 mmol) was stirred in 40 mL N,N -dimethylformamide at 80° C.for 48 hours. The dark orange mixture was cooled and poured into water(600 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layerswere washed with water and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo to give 0.74 g yellow solid (82% yield).

MS (m/z): 302 (M⁺, 20), 227 (100).

Preparation 4 2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid ofFormula (5.0.5)

A solution of 2-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid ethylester (0.74 g, 2.5 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2.78 ml) and 1 M LiOH (2.7ml) was stirred over night. The mixture was diluted with water andacidified to pH 1 with 2 N hydrochloric acid and filtered to give a paleyellow solid (160 mg).

¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.37 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 8.26 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 5 Hz),8.00 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.60 (t, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.50 (t, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.26(d, 1H, J=8 Hz).

Preparation 5 2-(Benzo-[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid of Formula(5.0.6)

2-Chloro-nicotinic acid ethyl ester (10 g), benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ol(sesamol, 8.2 g), and cesium carbonate (21 g) were mixed in anhydrousdioxane (40 mL) and the resulting slurry heated to reflux for 16 h. In aseparate flask, lithium hydroxide (12.9 g) was dissolved in water (8 mL)with warming and then added to the refluxing mixture, which was heatedfor an additional 4 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature andconcentrated in vacuo to remove the dioxane. Concentrated hydrochloricacid was added dropwise until the pH=3. The acidified solution was thenextracted with ethyl acetate (7×100 mL) to yield crude product, whichwas recrystallized from ethyl acetate to yield the purified titlecompound (10.8 g).

¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.28 (dd, J=8 and 2 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (m, 1H), 6.79 (d,J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (s, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=8 and 2 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (s,2H).

Preparation 6 2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-nicotinic acid ofFormula (5.0.7)

2-Chloro-5-fluoro-nicotinic acid (synthesized in accordance with theprocedures described in European patent: EP 0634413 A1) was converted tothe corresponding ethyl ester with anhydrous ethanol and excess thionylchloride, then worked up in the usual manner. To2-chloro-5-fluoro-nicotinic acid ethyl ester (5.0 g) in an oven-dried250 mL flask was added cesium carbonate (9.60 g), sesamol (4.07 g), and50 mL of anhydrous dioxane. The reaction was stirred overnight at 100°C. Lithium hydroxide (2.94 g) in 10 mL water was added, and the reactionwas again allowed to stir overnight at 100° C. The dioxane was thenevaporated under a nitrogen stream. The residue was then taken up in 50mL water, acidified with conc. hydrochloric acid to pH=3, and extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were driedover magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The driedresidue was washed with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and dried under highvacuum, giving the title compound (2.96 g).

¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.09-8.04 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H),6.51 (d, J=7, 1H), 5.93 (s, 2H).

MS m/z 278 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation 7 2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-nicotinic acid of Formula (5.0.8)

2-Chloro-nicotinic acid ethyl ester, 4-fluoro-phenol, and cesiumcarbonate were mixed in anhydrous dioxane and the resulting slurryheated to reflux for about 16 h. In a separate flask, lithium hydroxidewas dissolved in water with warming and then added to the refluxingmixture, which was heated for an additional 4 h. The mixture was cooledto ambient temperature and concentrated in vacuo to remove the dioxane.Concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise until the pH=3. Theacidified solution was then extracted with ethyl acetate to yield crudeproduct, which was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to yield thepurified title compound (10.8 g).

MS m/z 232 (M−H)⁺

Preparation 8 2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-nicotinic acid of Formula (5.0.9)

5 The compound of Formula (5.0.9) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 7 above, replacing the 4-fluoro-phenolwith 3-cyano-phenol.

Preparation 9 (±)-2-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butylester of Formula (5.0.10)

2-Fluoro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (1 g, 7.29 mmol) was dissolved inN,N-dimethyl-formamide (20 mL) and stirred with potassium carbonate (1.1g, 8.0 mmol) at rt for 2 h. (±) 2-Bromopropionic acid tert-butyl ester(1.67 g, 8.0 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at rt for 72hours. The reaction was quenched into dilute aqueous hydrochloric acidand extracted 2× with ethyl acetate. The pooled organics were dried(Na₂SO₄) and adsorbed onto silica gel, followed by purification by flashcolumn chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to afford 1.8 gcolorless oil (93% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.48 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 6.64 (d,1H, J=11 Hz), 4.55 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 1.58 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz), 1.41 (s, 9H).

Preparation 10 (±)-2-(4-Aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acidtert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0.11)

(±)-2-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (1.77g, 6.7 mmol) was shaken on a Parr shaker under 40 psi hydrogen for 30min, using palladium hydroxide on carbon (1 g, 30% Pd by wt) in 200 mLanhydrous methanol. The reaction mixture was filtered through sinteredglass, and solvents removed in vacuo to afford 1.71 g colorless oil (95%yield).

MS (m/z): 269 (M⁺, 45), 168 (100).

Preparation 11 (R)-2-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methylester of Formula (5.0.12)

To a stirred solution of 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (0.2 g, 1.5mmol), methyl (S)-(−)-lactate (0.14 mL, 1.5 mmol) and triphenylphosphine(1.15 g, 4.4 mmol) at room temperature, diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.67mL, 4.4 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight, diluted with ethyl acetate and washedsuccessively with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, dilute aqueoushydrochloric acid, brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvents were stripped invacuo. The resulting oil was washed with diethyl ether and theprecipitate was filtered off. The mother liquor was adsorbed onto silicagel and the product purified by flash column chromatography (20%dichloromethane/hexane), affording 0.12 g of a pink oil (36% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.51 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.71 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 6.67 (d,1H, J=10 Hz), 4.78 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 3.77 (s, 3H), 1.64 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 12 (R)-2-(4-Aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acidmethyl ester of Formula (5.0.13)

The compound of Formula (5.0.13) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 10, substituting(R)-2-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester for thecorresponding tert-butyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.41 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.90 (br, 2H), 6.58 (m, 2H),4.69 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.00 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 1.56 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 13 (S)-2-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methylester of Formula (5.0.14)

The compound of Formula (5.0.14) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 11, substituting methyl (R)-(+)-lactatefor the methyl (S)-(−)-lactate.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.51 (t, 1H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.72 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 6.67 (d,1H, J=10 Hz), 4.78 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 3.77 (s, 3H), 1.64 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 14 (S)-2-(4-Aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acidmethyl ester of Formula (5.0.15)

The compound of Formula (5.0.15) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 12, based on Preparation 10, substituting(−)-2-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester for thecorresponding (+) material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.41 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.90 (br, 2H), 6.58 (m, 2H),4.69 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.00 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 1.56 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 15 (R)-2-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid ofFormula (5.0.16)

To a stirred solution of (R)-2-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acidmethyl ester (0.40 g, 1.8 mmol) in 50 mL 1:1 tetrahydrofuran/methanol atroom temperature was added lithium hydroxide (5.5 mL 1 M aqueoussolution, 5.5 mmol) and the solution was stirred over night. Thereaction was quenched into dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid andextracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were pooled and washedwith brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to afford acolorless oil (0.37 g, 98%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.50 (t, 1H, J=7 Hz), 6.69 (m, 2H), 4.81 (q, 1H, J=7Hz), 1.68 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 16 (R)-2-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acidtert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0.17)

A solution of (R)-2-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid (55 mg,026 mmol) in dry toluene (30 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butylacetal (0.25 mL, 1.05 mmol) was stirred at 90° C. 1 hour. The reactionmix was adsorbed onto silica gel and purified by flash columnchromatography (30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to afford 51 mg of a whitesolid (74% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.48 (t, 1H, J=7 Hz), 6.65 (m, 2H), 4.61 (q, 1H, J=7Hz), 1.58 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz), 1.41 (s, 9H).

Preparation 17 (4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester ofFormula (5.0.18)

The compound of Formula (5.0.18) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 9, substituting bromoacetic acid methylester for the bromopropionic acid tert-butyl ester material.

MS (m/z): 209 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 18 (4-Aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl esterof Formula (5.0.19)

The compound of Formula (5.0.19) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 10, substituting(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester for thecorresponding 2-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butylester material.

MS (m/z): 212 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 19 (R)-2-(4-Aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acidtert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0.20)

The compound of Formula (5.0.20) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 10, substituting(R)-2-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl ester for thecorresponding (±)-2-(4-cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butylester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.17 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 6.55 (t, 2H, J=8 Hz), 4.53 (q,1H, J=7 Hz), 3.78 (s, 2H), 2.57 (br, 2H), 1.52 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz), 1.39 (s,9H).

Preparation 20[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester of Formula (5.0.21)

2-(Benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid (0.31 g, 1.1 mmol),(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester (0.46 g, 2.15mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), and1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.23 g,1.2 mmol) were dissolved in 1:1 N,N-dimethylformamide/dichloromethane(40 mL) and stirred at room temperature over night. Solvents wereremoved in vacuo. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate and washedsuccessively with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid, dilute aqueoussodium hydroxide, and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The product waspurified by flash column chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) toafford a yellow oil (0.19 g, 38%).

MS (m/z): 455 (M⁺+1, 100).

Preparation 21(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0.22)

The compound of Formula (5.0.22) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting(±)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl esterfor the (4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl estermaterial.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.58 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 8 Hz), 8.19 (dd, 2H, J=2 Hz, 5Hz), 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.78 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.63 (d, 1H, J=2Hz), 6.55 (m, 2H), 5.99 (s, 2H), 4.62 (d, 2H, J=5 Hz), 4.51 (q, 1H, J=7Hz), 1.53 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz), 1.40 (s, 9H).

Preparation 22(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0.23)

The compound of Formula (5.0.23) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(±)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl esterfor the corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.62 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 5 Hz), 8.18 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 5Hz), 7.88 (t, 1H, J=5 Hz), 7.85 (dd, 1H, J=1 Hz, 9 Hz), 7.54 (s, 1H),7.23 (m, 2H), 6.55 (m, 2H), 4.64 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 4.52 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz),1.53 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz), 1.39 (s, 9H).

Preparation 23(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0.24)

The compound of Formula (5.0.24) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-nicotinic acid and(±)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl esterfor the corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

MS (m/z): 484 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 24(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0-25)

The compound of Formula (5.0.25) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-nicotinic acid and(±)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl esterfor the corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

MS (m/z): 491 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 25(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester of the Formula (5.0.26)

The compound of Formula (5.0.26) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-nicotinic acid and(±)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl esterfor the corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

MS (m/z): 529 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 26(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester of the Formula (5.0.27)

The compound of Formula (5.0.27) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(±)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl esterfor the corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

MS (m/z): 524 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 27(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester of the Formula (5.0.28)

The compound of Formula (5.0.28) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting(R)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester forthe corresponding (4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methylester material.

MS (m/z): 469 (M⁺+, 20), 455 (M⁺−14, 100).

Preparation 28(S)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester of the Formula (5.0.29)

The compound of Formula (5.0.29) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting(S)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester forthe corresponding (4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methylester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.55 (dd, 1H, J=2, 7 Hz), 8.26 (t, 1H, J=5 Hz), 8.19(dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz), 7.27 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.79 (d, 1H,J=8 Hz), 6.55 (m, 3H), 5.98 (s, 2H), 4.68 (q, 1H, J=6 Hz), 4.61 (d, 2H,J=6 Hz), 3.71 (s, 3H), 1.57 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 29(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester of Formula (5.0.30)

The compound of Formula (5.0.30) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(R)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid tert-butyl esterfor the corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.61 (dd, 1H, J=2, 8 Hz), 8.18 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),7.86 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.84 (d, 1H, J=10 Hz), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.23 (m, 2H),6.55 (m, 2H), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 4.52 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 1.52 (d, 3H,J=7 Hz), 1.38 (s, 9H).

Preparation 30(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester of the Formula (5.0.31)

The compound of Formula (5.0.31) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-nicotinic acid and(R)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester forthe corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.59 (dd, 1H, J=2, 8 Hz), 8.15 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),8.00 (t, 1H, J=5 Hz), 7.35 (m, 5H), 6-56 (m, 2H), 4.68 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz),4.62 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.71 (s, 3H), 1.57 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 31(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester of Formula (5.0.32)

The compound of Formula (5.0.32) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-nicotinic acid and(R)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester forthe corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.32 (dd, 1H, J=3, 8 Hz), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H,J=3 Hz), 7.28 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.56 (m, 3H), 6.00(s, 2H), 4.68 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.61 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.72 (s, 3H), 1.57(d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 32(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester of Formula (5.0.33)

The compound of Formula (5.0.33) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Preparation 20, substituting2-(benzo[2,1,3]thia-diazol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(R)-2-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-propionic acid methyl ester forthe corresponding 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid and(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-acetic acid methyl ester materials,respectively.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.62 (dd, 1H J=2, 8 Hz), 8.17 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),8.10 (t, 1H, J=5 Hz), 8.00 (dd, 1H, J=1, 10 Hz), 7.74 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz),7.39 (dd, 1H, J=2, 9 Hz), 7.30 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.20 (m, 1H), 6.56 (m,2H), 4.66 (m, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 1.56 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 33(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionimidic acid ethyl ester of Formula (5.0.34)

To a stirred solution of(R)-2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamide(0.4 g, 0.88 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml) triethyloxoniumtetrafluoroborate (0.17 g, 0.88 mmol) was added. The reaction wasstirred at room temperature 16 h. The reaction was adsorbed onto a smallamount of silica gel and column chromatography (2%methanol/dichloromethane) afforded 160 mg of the desired product as acolorless oil (38% yield).

MS (m/z): 481 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 34(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(1-thiocarbamoyl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.0.35)

A solution of(R)-2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-5-fluoro-nicotinamide(1.0 g, 2.12 mmol) and Lawesson's reagent (0.52 g, 1.27 mmol) in drytetrahydrofuran (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature 2 h. The solventwas removed in vacuo. The residue was adsorbed onto silica gel andpurified by column chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to afford1.01 g of a yellow solid (98% yield).

MS (m/z): 486 (M⁺, 100).

Preparation 352-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-nicotinamideof Formula (5.0.36)

A solution of 4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenol hydrochloride (4.75 g, 27mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20 ml) was added to a stirred solutionof 2-(benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid (14 g, 54 mmol),1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (7.29 g, 54 mmol),1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (10.37 g,54 mmol), and triethylamine (3.76 ml, 27 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide(130 ml) at room temperature and stirred over night. The reaction wasquenched into dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid and extracted withdiethyl ether, then ethyl acetate. The pooled organic layers were washedsuccessively with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, water, and brine. Thesolvents were stripped in vacuo to afford 12.2 g crude. The residue wasdissolved in methanol (100 ml) and stirred with lithium hydroxide (10ml, 1M) for 1 h to hydrolyze the ester of the bis-acylated product.Solvents were stripped in vacuo, the residue was diluted with water (200ml) and saponified to pH 12 with sodium hydroxide. The precipitate wasfiltered off, and the filtrate was acidified to pH 1 with concentratedhydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 ml). Thepooled organics were washed with 2N sodium carbonate, then brine anddried (MgSO₄). The solvents were stripped in vacuo to afford pureproduct (5.7 g, 14.9 mmol) in 55% yield.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.53 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 8 Hz), 8.16 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 5Hz), 7.11 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.61 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz), 6.52 (m,3H), 5.97 (s, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H).

MS (m/z): 383 (M⁺+1, 10).

Preparation 36(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-cyano-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.0.37)

To a stirred solution of2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-nicotinamide(5 g, 13.1 mmol), (+/−)-lactonitrile (0.93 g, 13.1 mmol) andtriphenylphosphine (3.78 g, 14.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) atroom temperature, diethyl azodicarboxylate (2.3 mL, 14.4 mmol) was addeddropwise with stirring. The mixture was stirred at room temperatureovernight. Solvents were stripped in vacuo, diluted with ethyl acetateand washed with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, brine, and dried(MgSO₄). Solvents were stripped in vacuo. The resulting oil was washedwith diethyl ether and the precipitate was filtered off. The motherliquor was purified by flash column chromatography (35% ethylacetate/hexane), affording 1.5 g white solid (26% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.59 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.28 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 8.21 (dd,1H, J=2 Hz, 4 Hz), 7.40 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J=5 Hz, 8 Hz),6.82 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.66 (m, 3H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.83 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz),4.66 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.76 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 37 (S)-3-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acidmethyl ester of Formula (5.0.38)

To a stirred solution of 2-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (1.0 g, 7.3mmol), (S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester (0.8 mL, 7.3mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.3 g, 8.8 mmol) at room temperature,diethyl azodicarboxylate (1.4 mL, 8.8 mmol) was added dropwise. Themixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with ethylacetate and washed successively with dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide,dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid, brine, and dried (MgSO₄). Solventswere stripped in vacuo. The resulting oil was washed with diethyl etherand the precipitate was filtered off. The mother liquor was adsorbedonto silica gel and the product purified by flash column chromatography(40% ethyl acetate/hexane), affording 0.14 g of a yellow oil (8% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.49 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.73 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 6.70 (d, 1H,J=9 Hz), 4.21 (dd, 1H, J=7, 9 Hz), 4.01 (dd, 1H, J=6, 9 Hz), 3.71 (s,3H), 2.95 (m, 1H), 1.29 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Preparation 38 (S)-3-(4-Aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionicacid methyl ester hydrochloride of Formula (5.0.39)

(S)-3-(4-Cyano-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester(0.14 g) was shaken on a Parr shaker under 50 psi hydrogen for 16 h,using palladium hydroxide on carbon (0.01 g, 30% Pd by wt) in anhydrousmethanol (20 mL) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.5 mL). Thereaction mixture was filtered through sintered glass, and solventsremoved in vacuo to afford 0.18 g of a white solid (95% yield).

MS (m/z): 241 (M⁺, 100).

Example 1[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.1)

To a stirred solution of[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester (0.40 g, 0.88 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) andmethanol (2 mL) was added aqueous lithium hydroxide (2 mL, 1 M, 2 mmol).The reaction was stirred at room temperature 1 hour. The solvents werestripped in vacuo and the residue partitioned between dilute aqueoushydrochloric acid and ethyl acetate. The aqueous was extracted with 2aliquots ethyl acetate and the pooled organics were washed with brine,dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellowsolid. The crude product was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to afford80 mg of a white crystalline solid (0.18 mmol, 21% yield). mp 180° C.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD): δ 8.52 (dd, 1H, J=2, 8 Hz), 8.24 (br, 1H), 8.16 (dd, 1H,J=2, 5 Hz), 7.29 (t, 1H, J=4 Hz), 7.09 (dd, 1H, J=5, 8 Hz), 6.77 (d, 1H,J=8 Hz), 6.55 (m, 3H), 5.96 (s, 2H), 4.59 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 4.52 (s, 2H).

Example 2(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.2)

The compound of Formula (5.5.2) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 1, substituting(±)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester for the corresponding[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester material.

mp=136.4-138.0° C.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.59 (dd, 1H, J=2, 8 Hz), 8.30 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 8.21(dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz), 7.30 (t, 1, J=8 Hz), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J=5, 8 Hz), 6.81(d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.60 (s, 2H), 4.74 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=6Hz), 1.63 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Example 3(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.3)

(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester (0.17 g, 0.33 mmol) was stirred in formic acid (5mL) at room temperature 2 hours. Formic acid was removed in vacuo andthe product stored over night under high vacuum to afford a white solid(0.12 g, 80% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.36 (dd, 1H, J=2, 7 Hz), 8.09(dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),8.03 (br, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.13 (m, 2H), 6.50(m, 2H), 4.54 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.49 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 1.46 (d, 3H, J=7Hz).

MS (m/z): 452 (M⁺, 100).

Example 4(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.4)

The compound of Formula (5.5.4) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 3, substituting(±)-2-[3-fluoro-4-({[2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester for the corresponding(±)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.58 (d, 1H, J=7 Hz), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, 1H, J=4Hz), 7.10 (m, 4H), 6.60 (m, 2H), 4.72 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.61 (d, 2H, J=6Hz), 1.62 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 428 (M⁺, 100).

Example 5(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.5)

The compound of Formula (5.5.5) was prepared in a manner analogous todescribed in Example 3, substituting(±)-2-[3-fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester for the corresponding(±)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.50(dd, 1H, J=2, 6 Hz), 8.12 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),8.03 (s, 1H), 7.35 (m, 4H), 7.15 (dd, 1H, J=5, 8 Hz), 6.56 (m, 2H), 4.61(q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.57 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz). 1.54 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 435 (M⁺, 100).

Example 6(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.6)

The compound of Formula (5.5.6) was prepared in a manner analogous todescribed in Example 3, substituting (±)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]ddioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid for the corresponding(±)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.31 (dd, 1H, J=3, 8 Hz), 8.02 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.28(t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.23 (m, 1H), 6.79 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.55 (m, 3H), 5.99(s, 2H), 4.73 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.60 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.62 (d, 3H, J=7Hz).

MS (m/z): 472 (M⁺, 100).

Example 7(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.7)

The compound of Formula (5.5.7) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 3, substituting(±)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester for the corresponding(±)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid tert-butyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.61 (d, 1H, J=7 Hz), 8.18 (d, 1H, J=5 Hz), 8.06 (s,1H), 7.99 (d, 1H, J=10 Hz), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.29 (t,1H, J=9 Hz), 6.60 (m, 2H), 4.72 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz),1.61 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z) 468 (M⁺, 100).

Example 8(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.8)

The compound of Formula (5.5.8) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 1, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester for the corresponding[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.59 (dd, 1H, J=2, 8 Hz), 8.31 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 8.21(dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz), 7.30 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J=5, 8 Hz),6.81 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.61 (m, 3H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.74 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz),4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.64 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Example 9(S)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.9)

The compound of Formula (5.5.9) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 1, substituting(S)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester for the corresponding[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.59 (dd, 1H, J=2, 8 Hz), 8.31 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 8.21(dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz), 7.30 (t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J=5, 8 Hz),6.81 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.61 (m, 3H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.74 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz),4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.64 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Example 10(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.10)

The compound of Formula (5.5.10) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 1, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester for the corresponding[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-acetic acid methyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.36 (dd, 1H, J=2, 7 Hz), 8.09(dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),8.03 (br, 1H), 7.75 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.13 (m, 2H), 6.50(m, 2H), 4.54 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.49 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.46 (d, 3H, J=7Hz).

MS (m/z): 452 (M⁺, 100).

Example 11(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.11)

The compound of Formula (5.5.11) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 1, substituting(R)-2-[3-fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester for the corresponding[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.50 (dd, 1H, J=2, 6 Hz), 8.12 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),8.03 (s, 1H), 7.35 (m, 4H), 7.15 (dd, 1H, J=5, 8 Hz), 6.56 (m, 2H), 4.61(q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.57 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz). 1.54 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 435 (M⁺, 100).

Example 12(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionic acid of Formula (5.5.12)

The compound of Formula (5.5.12) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 1, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester for the corresponding[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.33 (dd, 2H, J=3, 8 Hz), 8.04 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.30(t, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.62 (m, 3H), 6.56 (dd, 1H, J=2,8 Hz), 6.01 (s, 2H), 4.74 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.62 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.65(d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 472 (M⁺, 100).

Example 13(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.13)

The compound of Formula (5.5.13) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 1, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester for the corresponding[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid methyl ester material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.60 (d, 1H, J=7 Hz), 8.18 (d, 1H, J=5 Hz), 8.06 (s,1H), 7.99 (d, 1H, J=10 Hz), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.29 (t,1H, J=9 Hz), 6.60 (m, 2H), 4.72 (q,1H, J=7 Hz), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz),1.61 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z) 468 (M⁺, 100).

Example 14(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.14)

To a stirred solution of(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid (0.25 g, 0.55 mmol) in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (20 mL) at−10° C. was added N-methyl morpholine (0.06 mL, 0.55 mmol) followed bydropwise addition of isobutyl chloroformate (0.071 mL, 0.55 mmol). Theturbid solution was stirred at −10° C. 10 min. Ammonia gas was bubbledthrough the reaction mixture 10 min, which was then warmed to roomtemperature and stirred a further 15 min. The reaction mixture waspartitioned between chloroform and water. The organic layer was driedover sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to afford a white solid.Flash column chromatography (1% methanol/dichloromethane) yielded 0.15 gof a white solid (60% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.57 (d, 1H, J=7 Hz), 8.24 (br, 1H), 8.19 (d, 1H, J=5Hz), 7.33 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.10 (m, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.58 (m,3H), 6.25 (br, 1H), 5.99 (s, 2H), 5.38 (br, 1H), 4.60 (m, 3H), 1.55 (d,3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 454 (M⁺+1, 100).

Example 15(R)-2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.15)

The compound of Formula (5.5.15) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 14, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid for the corresponding(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionic acid material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.61 (dd, 1H, J=2, 7 Hz), 8.19 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),7.87 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.52 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.25 (t, 1H,J=5 Hz), 6.63 (m, 2H), 6.26 (br, 1H), 5.47 (br, 1H), 4.64 (d, 2H, J=6Hz), 4.58 (q,1H, J=7 Hz), 1.54 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 452 (M⁺+1, 100).

Example 16(R)-2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.16)

The compound of Formula (5.5.16) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 14, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid for the corresponding(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.63 (dd, 1H, J=2, 7 Hz), 8.19 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),7.87 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.52 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.25 (t, 1H,J=5 Hz), 6.63 (m, 2H), 6.26 (br, 1H), 5.47 (br, 1H), 4.64 (d, 2H, J=6Hz), 4.57 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 1.54 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 468 (M⁺+1, 100).

Example 17(R)-N-[4-(1-Carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.17)

The compound of Formula (5.5.17) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 14, substituting(R)-2-[3-fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid for the corresponding(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): ): δ 8.59 (dd, 1H, J=2, 7 Hz), 8.16 (dd, 1H, J=2, 5 Hz),8.03 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.38 (m, 4H), 6.63 (m, 2H), 6.27 (br, 1H), 5.48(br, 1H), 4.59 (m, 3H), 1.55 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 435 (M⁺+1, 100).

Example 18(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-5-fluoro-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.18)

The compound of Formula (5.5.18) was prepared in a manner analogous tothat described in Example 14, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid for the corresponding(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid material.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.31 (m, 2H), 8.02 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.32 (t, 1H, J=8Hz), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.60 (m, 3H), 6.26 (br, 1H), 6.00 (s, 2H),5.35 (br, 1H), 4.07 (m, 3H), 1.55 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 472 (M⁺+1, 100).

Example 19(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.19)

A solution of(±)-2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-cyano-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamide(1.5 g, 3.5 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (5 mL) was transferred to a smallpressure flask. Dibutyltin oxide (0.53 g, 2.1 mmol) and trimethylsilylazide (1.7 mL, 21 mmol) were added. The tube was sealed and placedbehind a blast shield. The reaction was stirred 15 min at 55° C., thenwarmed to 110° C. with stirring over night. The black reaction mix wascooled to 0-5° C., the pressure flask opened, and the residue taken upin methanol. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue taken up inethyl acetate. The organic solution was washed twice with saturatedaqueous sodium carbonate. The aqueous phases were pooled and acidifiedwith concentrated hydrochloric acid, and extracted twice with ethylacetate. The pooled organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated, andloaded onto a silica gel column as a brown oil. Purification by columnchromatography (5% methanol/dichloromethane) afforded product as a whitesolid (0.46 g, 28%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.58 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 8 Hz), 8.43 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 8.21(dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 5 Hz), 7.13 (m, 2H), 6.79 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.61 (d, 1H,J=2 Hz), 6.53 (m, 3H), 5.99 (s, 2H), 5.72 (q, 1H, J=7 Hz), 4.57 (d, 2H,J=5 Hz), 1.78 (d, 3H, J=6 Hz).

MS (m/z): 479 (M⁺+1, 40).

Example 20 (R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.20)

A solution of(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionimidicacid ethyl ester (0.16 g, 0.33 mmol) and acetic hydrazide (24 mg, 0.31mmol) in n-butanol (20 ml) was stirred 20 h at 80° C. The reaction wascooled to room temperature and quenched into saturated aqueous oxalicacid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic solution was dried(MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by columnchromatography (3% methanol/dichloromethane) to afford a sticky yellowsolid (12 mg). The residue was further purified by preparatory thinlayer chromatography (10% methanol/dichloromethane) to afford 7 mg ofthe desired compound (4% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 8.52 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.21 (dd, 1H,J=5.0, 1.9 Hz), 7.19 (t, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.11 (m, 1H), 6.77 (m, 4H), 6.00(s, 2H), 5.48 (d, 2H, J=6.6 Hz), 4.60 (s, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 1.75 (d,3H, J=6.7 Hz).

Example 21(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.21)

A solution of(R)-2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(1-thiocarbamoyl-ethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamide(0.1 g, 0.21 mmol) in pyridine (5 ml) was warmed with stirring to 70° C.Anhyd. hydrazine (1.5 ml, 50 mmol) was added with stirring via asyringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. 5 min, the cooled toroom temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue tostored under house vacuum 1 h. The residue was subsequently taken up infresh pyridine (5 ml). To this solution was added acetyl chloride (0.057ml, 0.8 mmol) at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was stirred2 h. The pyridine was removed in vacuo, and replaced withN,N-dimethylformamide (5 ml) and the resulting solution was stirred at130° C. 4 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, quenched intowater (50 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether. The pooled extracts weredried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to near-dryness, then loadedonto a silica gel column and purified by column chromatography (gradient1% methanol/dicloromethane changing to 5% methanol/dichloromethane) toafford a white solid (7.6 mg, 7% yield).

MS (m/z): 509 (M⁺, 20).

[α]_(D)=+24° (CHCl₃).

Example 22 (±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamide of Formula (5.5.22)

A solution of(±)-2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-cyano-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamide(1.5 g, 3.5 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (5 mL) was transferred to a smallpressure flask. Dibutyltin oxide (0.53 g, 2.1 mmol) and trimethylsilylazide (1.7 mL, 21 mmol) were added. The tube was sealed and placedbehind a blast shield. The reaction was stirred 15 min at 55° C., thenwarmed to 110° C. with stirring over night. The black reaction mix wascooled to 0-5° C., the pressure flask opened, and the residue taken upin methanol. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue taken up inethyl acetate. The organic solution was washed twice with saturatedaqueous sodium carbonate. The aqueous phases were pooled and acidifiedwith concentrated hydrochloric acid, and extracted twice with ethylacetate. The pooled organic phases were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated, andloaded onto a silica gel column as a brown oil. Purification by columnchromatography (5% methanol/dichloromethane) afforded product as a whitesolid (0.46 g, 28%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.58 (dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 8 Hz), 8.43 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 8.21(dd, 1H, J=2 Hz, 5 Hz), 7.13 (m, 2H), 6.79 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.61 (d, 1H,J=2 Hz), 6.53 (m, 3H), 5.99 (s, 2H), 5.72 (q,1H, J=7 Hz), 4.57 (d, 2H,J=5 Hz), 1.78 (d, 3H, J=6 Hz).

MS (m/z): 479 (M⁺+1, 40).

Example 23(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.23)

To a stirred solution of(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester (0.10 g, 0.213 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) at −10°C., methyl magnesium chloride (3.0 ml, 1.07 mmol) was added, and stirredat −10° C. 15 min. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperatureand stirred a further 16 h. The reaction was quenched into water andextracted with ethyl acetate. The pooled organics were dried (MgSO₄),filtered and concentrated to an opaque white oil. The residue waspurified by column chromatography (1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane), affording40 mg white powder (40% yield).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.60 (d, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, 1H, J=4.6Hz), 7.31 (t, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.12 (dd, 1H, J=5.0, 7.9 Hz), 6.83 (d, 1H,J=8.3 Hz), 6.67 (m, 4H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.64 (d, 2H, J=4.6 Hz), 4.12 (q,1H, J=6.2 Hz), 1.25 (s, 6H), 1.22 (d, 3H, J=6.2 Hz).

MS (m/z): 467 (M⁻, 100).

Example 24(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.24)

Prepared in a manner analogous to Example 23, substituting(R)-2-[4-({[2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid methyl ester.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.33 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 3.3 Hz), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, 1H,J=2.9 Hz), 7.30 (t, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 6.81 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 6.62 (m, 4H),6.01 (s, 2H), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=5.8 Hz), 4.12 (q,1H, J=6.2 Hz), 1.25 (s,6H), 1.22 (d, 3H, J=6.2 Hz).

MS (m/z): 487 (M⁺ 100).

Example 25(S)-3-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.25)

2-(Benzo-[1,3]-dioxol-5-yloxy)-nicotinic acid (0.168 g, 0.65 mmol),(S)-3-(4-aminomethyl-3-fluoro-phenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid methylester hydrochloride (0.18 g, 0.65 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate(0.097 g, 0.72 mmol), 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimidehydrochloride (0.138 g, 0.72 mmol) and triethylamine were dissolved inN,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL) and stirred at room temperature over night.The reaction was diluted in ethyl acetate and washed successively withdilute aqueous hydrochloric acid, dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, andbrine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The product was purified by flash columnchromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane). The residue was taken up intetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and methanol (2 mL) and aqueous lithiumhydroxide (2 mL, 1 M, 2 mmol). The reaction was stirred at roomtemperature 1 h. The solvents were stripped in vacuo and the residuepartitioned between dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid and ethyl acetate.The aqueous was extracted with 2 aliquots ethyl acetate and the pooledorganics were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated in vacuo to afford a white solid (0.12 g, 39% yeild).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.60 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 8.20 (m, 2H), 7.30 (t, 1H, J=8Hz), 7.11 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.62 (m, 3H), 6.00 (s, 2H),4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 4.13 (dd, 1H, J=7, 9 Hz), 3.93 (dd, 1H, J=6, 9Hz), 3.70 (s, 3H), 2.91 (m, 1H), 1.26 (d, 3H, J=7 Hz).

MS (m/z): 469 (MH⁺, 100).

Example 262-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.26)

To a stirred solution of 100 mg (0.25 mmol.)2-(benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxy-benzyl)-nicotinamide[Prepared analogous to preparation 35 by substituting2-chloro-5-fluoro-nicotinic acid (EP 0634413 A1)], 10 mL DMF and 175 mg(1.25 mmol.) potassium carbonate was added a solution of DMF(5 mL)containing 82 mg (0.5 mmol.) 2-chloromethyl-pyridine hydrochloride(Aldrich) and 1 equivalent of triethyl amine. The resulting mixture wasstirred for 3 days at room temperature. Reaction mixture was poured intoice water (200 mL) and the resulting solid was filtered, washed withcold water and dried in vacuo to afford desired product.

MS (m/z): 492 (M⁺, 100).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 8.58 (d, 1H, J=5 Hz), 8.32 (dd, 1H, J=4,9 Hz), 8.02 (d,1H, J=3 Hz), 7.71 (dt, 1H, J=2, 10 Hz), 7.47 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.26 (m,1H), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.71 (m, 3H), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 6.56 (dd,1H, J=2,8 Hz), 6.00 (s, 2H), 5.2 (s, 2H), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz).

Example 272-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.27)

Prepared analogous to Example 26 by substituting 4-chloromethyl-pyridinehydrochloride (Aldrich).

MS (m/z): 492 (M⁺, 100).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) 8.38 (m, 2H), 8.02 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.74 (m, 1H), 7.26(m, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.71 (m, 3H), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 6.56(dd, 1H, J=2,8 Hz), 6.00 (s, 2H), 5.2 (s, 2H), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz).

Example 282-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.28)

Prepared analogous to Example 26 by substituting 4-chloromethyl-pyridinehydrochloride (Aldrich).

MS (m/z): 492 (M⁺, 100).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.64 (d, 1H, J=5 Hz), 8.35 (m, 2H), 8.02(d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.71 (dt, 1H, J=2, 10 Hz), 7.47 (d, 1H, J=2 Hz), 7.26(m, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.71 (m, 3H), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 6.56(dd, 1H, J=2,8 Hz), 6.00 (s, 2H), 5.2 (s, 2H), 4.63 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz).

1. A compound of Formula (1.0.0):

wherein j is 0 or 1; provided that when j is 0, n must be 2; k is 0 or 1m is 1, 2, or 3; n is 1 or 2; W¹ and W² are independently —O—;—S(═O)_(t)—, where t is 0, 1, or 2; or —N(R³)— where R³ has the samemeaning as defined below; Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))—, where R¹ _(a) has the samemeaning as defined below; or —[N

(O)_(k)]— where k is 0 or 1; where R¹ _(a) is a member selected from thegroup consisting of —H; —F; —Cl; —CN; —NO₂; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—(C₂-C₄)alkynyl; fluorinated-(C₁ -C₃)alkyl; fluorinated-(C₁ -C₃)alkoxy;—OR¹⁶; and —C(═O)NR²² _(a)R²² _(b); where R²² _(a) and R²² _(b) are eachindependently —H; —CH₃; —CH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH₂(CH₃)₂; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃;—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; —C(CH₃)₃; cyclopropyl; cyclobutyl; orcyclopentyl; R^(A) and R^(B) are each a member independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —H; —F; —CF₃; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; phenyl; and benzyl; wherein said cycloalkyl, phenyl,and benzyl moieties are each independently substituted with 0 to 3substituents R¹⁰; where R¹⁰ is a member selected from the groupconsisting of phenyl; pyridyl; —F; —Cl; —CF₃; oxo (═O); —OR¹⁶; —NO₂;—CN; —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —O—C(═O)R¹⁶; —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —O—C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶R¹⁷;—NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶C(═O)OR¹⁷; —NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁷; and —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷; wheresaid phenyl or pyridyl is substituted by 0 to 3 R¹¹; where R¹¹ is —F;—Cl; —CF₃; —CN; —NO₂; —OH; —(C₁-C₃) alkoxy; —(C₁-C₃)alkyl; or —NR¹⁶R¹⁷;and R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are each a member independently selected from the groupconsisting of —H; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —(C₂-C₄)alkenyl; —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl;phenyl; benzyl; and pyridyl; wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl,phenyl, benzyl, or pyridyl is substituted by 0 to 3 substituentsselected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —CF₃, —CN, and—(C₁-C₃)alkyl; or R^(A) and R^(B) are taken together, but only in thecase where m is 1, to form a spiro moiety of Formula (1.2.0):

where r and s are independently 0 to 4 provided that the sum of r+s isat least 1 but not greater than 5; and X^(A) is selected from —CH₂—,—CH(R¹¹)—, or C(R¹¹)₂—, where each R¹¹ is selected independently of theother and each has the same meaning as defined above; —NR¹⁵—, where R¹⁵has the same meaning as defined below; —O—; and —S(═O)_(t)—, where t is0, 1, or 2; and said spiro moiety of partial Formula (1.2.0) issubstituted as to any one or more carbon atoms thereof, other than thatdefining X^(A), by 0 to 3 substituents R¹⁴, where R¹⁴ has the samemeaning as defined below; as to a nitrogen atom thereof by 0 or 1substituent R¹⁵, where R¹⁵ has the same meaning as defined below; and asto a sulfur atom thereof by 0 or 2 oxygen atoms; R^(C) and R^(D) havethe same meaning as defined above for R^(A) and R^(B) except that one ofthem must be —H, and they are selected independently of each other andof R^(A) and R^(B); R¹ and R² may individually or together appear on anyring or rings comprising a meaning of the moiety

₂ as defined below; and R¹ and R² are each a member independentlyselected from the group consisting of —H; —F; —Cl; —CN; —NO₂;—(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —(C₂-C₄)alkynyl; fluorinated-(C₁-C₃)alkyl; —OR¹⁶; and—C(═O)NR²² _(a)R²² _(b); where R¹⁶, R²² _(a), and R²² _(b) have the samemeanings as defined above; R³ is —H; —(C₁-C₃)alkyl; phenyl; benzyl; or—OR¹⁶, where R¹⁶ has the same meaning as defined above; R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶may individually or together appear on any ring or rings comprising ameaning of the moiety

¹ as defined below; and R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are each a member independentlyselected from the group consisting of the following: (a) —H; —F; —Cl;—(C₂-C₄)alkynyl; —R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶; —S(═O)_(p)R¹⁶; —C(═O)R¹⁶; —C(═O)OR¹⁶;—OC(═O)R¹⁶; —CN; —NO₂; —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —OC(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²²_(a)C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²² _(a)C(═NR¹²)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²² _(a)C(═NCN)NR¹⁶R¹⁷;—NR²² _(a)C(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —C(═NR²² _(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —CH₂C(═NR²²_(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —OC(═NR²² _(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —OC(═N—NO₂)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶R¹⁷;—CH₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR²² _(a)C(═O)R¹⁶; —NR²² _(a)C(═O)OR¹⁶; ═NOR¹⁶; —NR²²_(a)S(═O)_(p)R¹⁷ —S(═O)_(p)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; and —CH₂C(═NR²² _(a))NR¹⁶R¹⁷; wherep is 0, 1, or 2; and R²² _(a), R¹⁶, and R¹⁷ have the same meanings asdefined above; (b) —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy in the case whereone or more of R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ has the meaning of —OR¹⁶ under (a) aboveand R¹⁶ is defined as —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; wherein said alkyl and alkoxy areeach independently substituted with 0 to 3 substituents —F or —Cl; or 0or 1 substituent (C₁-C₂)alkoxycarbonyl-; (C₁-C₂)alkylcarbonyl-; or(C₁-C₂)alkylcarbonyloxy-; and (c) an aryl or heterocyclyl moietyselected from the group consisting of phenyl; benzyl; furanyl;tetrahydrofuranyl; oxetanyl; thienyl; tetrahydrothienyl; pyrrolyl;pyrrolidinyl; oxazolyl; oxazolidinyl; isoxazolyl; isoxazolidinyl;thiazolyl; thiazolidinyl; isothiazolyl; isothiazolidinyl; pyrazolyl;pyrazolidinyl; oxadiazolyl; thiadiazolyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl;pyridinyl; pyrazinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyridazinyl; piperidinyl;piperazinyl; triazolyl; triazinyl; tetrazolyl; pyranyl; azetidinyl;morpholinyl, parathiazinyl; indolyl; indolinyl; benzo[b]furanyl;2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl; 2-H-chromenyl; chromanyl; benzothienyl;1-H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; benzisoxazolyl;benzthiazolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl; phthalazinyl; quinazolinyl;quinoxalinyl; and purinyl; wherein said aryl and heterocyclyl moietiesare each independently substituted with 0 to 2 substituents R¹⁴ whereR¹⁴ is a member selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; phenyl; benzyl; pyridyl; and quinolinyl; where saidalkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, or quinolinyl is substitutedby 0, 1, or 2 substituents —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —OR¹⁶, —NO₂, —CN, or —NR¹⁶R¹⁷;and said R¹⁴ group further consists of —F; —Cl; —CF₃; oxo (═O);—OR^(16;) —NO₂; —CN; —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —O—C(═O)R¹⁶; —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷;—O—C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶C(═O)R¹⁷; —NR¹⁶C(═O)OR¹⁷;—NR¹⁶S(═O)₂R¹⁷; or —S(═O)₂NR¹⁶R¹⁷; where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ have the samemeanings as defined above; and further where R¹⁵ is a memberindependently selected from the group consisting of —H; —NR¹⁶R¹⁷;—C(═O)R¹⁶; —OR¹⁶; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl—OR¹⁶; —C(═O)OR¹⁶;—(C₁-C₂)alkyl—C(═O)OR¹⁶; —C(═O)NR¹⁶R¹⁷; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —(C₂-C₄)alkenyl;—(CH₂)_(u)—(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl where u is 0, 1 or 2; phenyl; benzyl;pyridyl; and quinolinyl; wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy,cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl or quinolinyl is substituted with 0to 3 substituents R¹²; where R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ have the same meanings asdefined above; and where R¹² is a member independently selected from thegroup consisting of —F; —Cl; —CO₂R¹⁸; —OR¹⁶; —CN; —C(═O)NR¹⁸R¹⁹;—NR¹⁸R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸C(═O)R¹⁹; —NR¹⁸C(═O)OR¹⁹; —NR¹⁸S(═O)_(p)R¹⁹;—S(═O)_(p)NR¹⁸R¹⁹, where p is 1 or 2; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and —(C₁-C₄)alkoxyin the case where R¹² has the meaning of —OR¹⁶ above and R¹⁶ is definedas —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; wherein said alkyl and alkoxy are each independentlysubstituted with 0 to 3 substituents independently selected from —F;—Cl; —(C₁-C₂)alkoxycarbonyl; —(C₁-C₂)alkylcarbonyl; and—(C₁-C₂)alkylcarbonyloxy; where R¹⁶ has the same meaning as definedabove; and where R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of —H; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; and phenyl; where said alkyl or phenylis substituted by 0-3 of —F; or —Cl; or in the case where

¹ is phenyl (d) R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety which is amember selected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.3.1)through (1.3.15):

wherein R²⁰ and R²¹ are each a member independently selected from thegroup consisting of —H; —F; —Cl; —CH₃; —CH₂F; —CHF₂; —CF₃; —OCH₃; and—OCF₃; R²³ and R²⁴ are each independently —H; —CH₃; —OCH₃; —CH₂CH₃;—OCH₂CH₃; —CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH₂(CH₃)₂; —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃; —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃;—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; —C(CH₃)₃; or absent, in which case the dashed line - - - -represents a double bond;

¹ is a moiety comprising a saturated or unsaturated carbon ring systemthat is a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic, or that is a 7- to 12-membered,fused polycyclic; provided that

¹ is not a discontinuous or restricted biaryl moiety as defined under

² below; and wherein optionally one carbon atom of said carbon ringsystem may be replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, O, and S; whereoptionally a second carbon atom thereof, and further optionally a thirdcarbon atom thereof may be replaced by N; wherein said moiety defining

¹ is substituted on any ring or rings thereof by R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶, whichhave the same meaning as defined above;

² is a moiety comprising a saturated or unsaturated carbon ring systemthat is a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic, or that is a 7- to 12-membered,fused polycyclic; provided that

² is not a discontinuous or restricted biaryl moiety; and whereinoptionally one carbon atom of said carbon ring system may be replaced bya heteroatom selected from N, O, and S; where optionally a second carbonatom thereof, and further optionally a third carbon atom thereof may bereplaced by N; wherein said moiety defining

² is substituted on any ring or rings thereof by R¹and R², which havethe same meaning as defined above; “*” is a member independentlyselected from the group consisting of the following (a) the groupconsisting of partial Formulas (1.1.1) through (1.1.9):

wherein “*” indicates the point of attachment of each partial Formula(1.1.1) through (1.1.9) to the remaining portion of Formula (1.0.0); qis 1, 2, or 3, provided that where q is 2 or 3, R⁹ has the meaning of —Hin at least one instance, or two instances, respectively; v 0 or 1; W³is —O—; —N(R⁹)—, where R⁹ has the same meaning as defined below; or—OC(═O)—; R⁷ is a member independently selected from the groupconsisting of the following: (1) —H; (2) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl; —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl;or —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl; where said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is substitutedby 0 to 3 substituents R¹⁰, where R¹⁰ has the same meaning as definedabove; (3) —(CH₂)_(u)—(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl where u is 0, 1 or 2; andfurther where said (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl is substituted by 0 to 3substituents R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ has the same meaning as defined above; and(4) phenyl or benzyl, where said phenyl or benzyl is independentlysubstituted by 0 to 3 substituents R¹⁰ where R¹⁰ has the same meaning asdefined above; R⁸ is a member independently selected from the groupconsisting of the following: (1) phenyl; tetrazol-5-yl;1,2,4-triazol-3-yl; 1,2,4-triazol-3-on-5-yl; 1,2,3-triazol-5-yl;imidazol-2-yl; imidazol-4-yl; imidazolidin-2-on-4-yl; 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl;1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-on-5-yl; 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl;1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-on-3-yl; 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl;1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-on-5-yl; 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl; 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl;morpholinyl; parathiazinyl; oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; thiazolyl;isothiazolyl; pyrrolyl; pyrazolyl; succinimidyl; glutarimidyl;pyrrolidonyl; 2-piperidonyl; 2-pyridonyl; 4-pyridonyl; pyridazin-3-onyl;pyridyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; pyridazinyl; and (2) indolyl;indolinyl; isoindolinyl; benzo[b]furanyl; 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl;1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl; 2H-1-benzopyranyl; 2-H-chromenyl; chromanyl;benzothienyl; 1H-indazolyl; benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl;benzisoxazolyl; benzothiazolyl; benzotriazolyl; benzotriazinyl;phthalazinyl; 1,8-naphthyridinyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl;quinazolinyl; quinoxalinyl; pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl;pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidinyl; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl; pyridopyridinyl;pteridinyl; and 1H-purinyl; where any moiety recited in (1) or (2) aboveis optionally substituted with respect to (i) any one or more carbonatoms thereof optionally by a substituent R¹⁴ where R¹⁴ has the samemeaning as defined above; (ii) any one or more nitrogen atoms thereofthat is not a point of attachment of said moiety, optionally by asubstituent R¹⁵ where R¹⁵ has the same meaning as defined above, and alltautomer forms thereof; and (iii) any sulfur atom thereof that is not apoint of attachment of said moiety, by 0, 1, or 2 oxygen atoms; R⁹ is amember selected from the group consisting of —H; —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl; phenyl; benzyl; pyridyl; —C(═O)OR¹⁶; —C(═O)R¹⁶;—OR¹⁶; —(C₁-C₂)alkyl-OR⁶; and —(C₁-C₂)alkyl-C(═O)OR¹⁶; where R¹⁶ has thesame meaning as defined above; and

is further selected from (b) a moiety comprising a member selected fromthe group consisting of —O—P(═O)(OH)₂ (phosphoric); —PH(═O)OH(phosphinic); —P(═O)(OH)₂ (phosphonic); —[P(═O)(OH)—O(C₁-C₄)alkyl](alkylphosphono); —P(═O)(OH)—O(C₁-C₄)alkyl) (alkylphosphinyl);—P(═O)(OH)NH₂ (phosphoramido); —P(═O)(OH)NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl and—P(═O)(OH)NHR²⁵ (substituted phosphoramido); —O—S(═C)₂OH (sulfuric);—S(═O)₂OH (sulfonic); —S(═O)₂NHR²⁶ or —NHS(═O)₂R²⁶ (sulfonamido) whereR²⁶ is —CH₃, —CF₃, or o-tolyl; and arylsulfonamido selected from thegroup consisting of —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂R²⁵; —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NH₂;—C(═O)NHS(═O)₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl; —C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—C(═O)NHS(═O)₂N[(C₁-C₄)alkyl]₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NH₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—S(═O)₂NHC(═O)N[(C₁-C₄)alkyl]₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═O)R²⁵; —S(═O)₂NHCN;—S(═O)₂NHC(═S)NH₂; —S(═O)₂NHC(═S)NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl;—S(═O)₂NHC(═S)N[(C₁-C₄)alkyl]₂; and —S(═O)₂NHS(═O)₂R²⁵; where R²⁵ is —H;—(C₁-C₄)alkyl; phenyl; or —OR¹⁸, where R¹⁸ has the same meaning asdefined above; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. Acompound according to claim 1 wherein (a) the moiety

is partial Formula (1.1.1), (1.1.2), (1.1.3), (1.1.5), or (1.1.6) wherethe meaning of R⁷ is phenyl, benzyl, or cyclohexyl and

comprises a member selected from partial Formulas (1.1.45) through(1.1.47) below; or (b) the moiety

is partial Formula (1.1.4) where v is 0 or 1 and where the meaning of R⁸is such that

comprises a member selected from partial Formulas (1.1.11) through(1.1.44) below:

wherein “*” indicates the point of attachment of each partial Formula(1.1.11) through (1.1.47) to the remaining portion of Formula (1.0.0);and wherein each carbon atom of partial Formulas (1.1.11) through(1.1.44) is optionally substituted by a substituent R¹⁴; where R¹⁴ andR¹⁵ have the same meaning as defined in claim 1; and all tautomer forms,and optionally N-oxide forms, thereof; and further wherein each carbonatom of partial Formulas (1.1.45) through (1.1.47) is optionallysubstituted by a substituent R¹⁰; where R¹⁰ has the same meaning asdefined in claim
 1. 3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein saidmoiety

is a member selected from the group consisting of the partial Formulasrecited below:


4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the right-hand terminusthereof, where m is 1, is represented by partial Formula (1.0.5):

where “*” is a symbol representing the point of attachment of the moietyof partial Formula (1.0.5) to the remaining portion of a compound ofFormula (1.0.0); where R^(A) and R^(B) are both —H, or one is —H and theother is —CH₃, or both are —CH₃, or both are taken together to formspiro-cyclopropyl or spiro-cyclobutyl; R¹is —H, —OCH₃, or 2′—F; R² is—H; and the moieties

² and

are selected such that, said moiety of partial Formula (1.0.5) is amember selected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (1.5.1)through (1.5.54):

wherein “*” indicates the point of attachment of each said group ofpartial Formula (1.0.5) represented by partial Formulas (1.5.1) through(1.5.54) to the remaining portion of Formula (1.0.0).
 5. A compoundaccording to claim 1 wherein the moiety

comprises R⁸ of partial Formula (1.1.4) where v is 0 or 1, and R⁸ ofsaid partial Formula (1.1.4) is a member selected from the groupconsisting of partial Formulas (1.4.1) through (1.4.28):

where “*” indicates the point of attachment to the remaining portion ofFormula (1.0.0); and where each carbon atom is optionally substituted bya substituent R¹⁴; and where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ have the same meaning asdefined in claim 1; and all tautomer forms, and optionally N-oxideforms, thereof.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein

¹ comprises a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl;pyrrolyl; pyrrolidinyl; furanyl; thienyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl;piperidinyl; piperazinyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl; oxazolyl;isoxazolyl; morpholinyl; thiazolyl; indolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl;benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; quinuclidinyl; andazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl; a monocyclic —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl moiety; amonocyclic —(C₅-C₇)cycloalkenyl moiety that is a member selected fromthe group consisting of cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl;and a bicyclic —(C₇-C₁₀)cycloalkyl or —(C₇-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl moiety thatis a member selected from the group consisting of norbornanyl,norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl,bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, cyclodecanyl, andadamantanyl.
 7. A compound according to claim 1 wherein

¹ and the substituents R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are selected in such a way that aportion of the left-hand terminus of a compound of claim 1 is a memberselected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (2.0.1) through(2.0.72):


8. A compound according to claim 9 wherein

² comprises a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl;pyrrolyl; pyrrolidinyl; furanyl; thienyl; pyridyl; pyrimidinyl;piperidinyl; piperazinyl; imidazolyl; imidazolidinyl; oxazolyl;isoxazolyl; thiazolyl; indolyl; quinolinyl; isoquinolinyl;benzimidazolyl; benzoxazolyl; morpholinyl; quinuclidinyl; andazabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl; a monocyclic —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl moiety; amonocyclic —(C₅-C₇)cycloalkenyl moiety that is a member selected fromthe group consisting of cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl;and a bicyclic —(C₇-C₁₀)cycloalkyl or —(C₇-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl moiety thatis a member selected from the group consisting of norbornanyl,norbornenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl,bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl, cyclodecanyl, andadamantanyl.
 9. A compound according to claim 1 wherein

² and the substituents R¹ and R² are selected in such a way that aportion of the right-hand terminus of a compound of claim 1 is a memberselected from the group consisting of partial Formulas (2.5.1) through(2.5.50):


10. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹_(a) is —H; —F; —Cl; —CH₃; or —OCH₃.
 11. A compound according to claim10 wherein R¹ _(a) is —H; or —F.
 12. A compound according to claim 1wherein where m is 1 or 2, and n is 1; ♦ R^(A) and R^(B) are —H, —CF₃,or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl substituted by 0 or 1 of —F, —Cl, —CF₃, —CN, —NH₂, or—C(═O)NH₂, or both taken together are spiro —(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl-substituted by 0 or 1 of —F, —Cl, —CF₃, or —CN; ♦ one of R^(C) and R^(D)is —H, and the other is —H, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or phenyl, each substitutedby 0 or 1 of —F, —Cl, or —CN; ♦ W¹ is —O— or —S—; ♦ W² is —O—; ♦ Y is═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —H, —F, —Cl, —CN, —CH₃, or —OCH₃; ♦ R¹ andR² are —H, —F, —Cl, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCHF₂, or —OCF₃; ♦ R³is —H or —CH₃; ♦ R⁴ is —H, —F, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, —CH₃, or —OCH₃; ♦

¹ is phenyl; ♦ R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety of partialFormula (1.3.1) where R²⁰ and R²¹ are —H or —CH₃; or a moiety of partialFormula (1.3.11), (1.3.12), or (1.3.15) where R²³ and R²⁴ are absent orare —H, or —CH₃; ♦

² is phenyl, norbornanyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl, or cyclohexyl;♦ and

is —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷ is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; or tetrazol-5-yl.
 13. Acompound according to claim 12 wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are both —CH₃, orone is —CH₃ and the other is —CH(CH₃)₂ or —C(CH₃)₃, or one is —H and theother is —CH₃ or —CF₃, or both taken together are spiro cyclopropyl orspiro cyclobutyl; ♦ one of R^(C) and R^(D) is —H and the other is —H or—CH₃; W¹ is —O—; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —H, —F, or —Cl; ♦R¹ and R² are —H, —F, or Cl; ♦ R³ is —H; ♦ R⁴ is —H; ♦ R⁵ and R⁶ aretaken together to form a moiety of partial Formula (1.3.1) or (1.3.11)where R²³ and R²⁴ are both absent; ♦

² is phenyl, thienyl, or cyclohexyl; ♦ and

is —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷ is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; or tetrazol-5-yl.
 14. Acompound according to claim 13 wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are both —CH₃, orboth taken together are spiro cyclopropyl; ♦ one of R^(C) and R^(D) is—H and the other is —H or —CH₃; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —H,—F, or —Cl; ♦ R¹ and R² are —H, —F, or Cl; ♦ R³ is —H; ♦ R⁴ is —H; ♦ R⁵and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety of partial Formula (1.3.11)where R²³ and R²⁴ are both absent; ♦

² is phenyl; ♦ and

is —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; or tetrazol-5-yl.
 15. Acompound according to claim 14 wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are both —CH₃; ♦R^(C) and R^(D) are both —H; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —H; ♦and one of R¹ and R² is —H and the other is —F.
 16. A compound accordingto claim 14 wherein Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —F; ♦ and R¹andR² are both —H.
 17. A compound according to claim 13 wherein R^(A) andR^(B) are both —CH₃, or both taken together are spiro cyclopropyl; ♦ oneof R^(C) and R^(D) is —H and the other is —H or —CH₃; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹_(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —H, —F, or —Cl; ♦ R¹ and R¹ are —H, —F, or Cl; ♦R³ is —H; ♦ R⁴ is —H; R⁵ and R⁶ are taken together to form a moiety ofpartial Formula (1.3.1) where R²⁰ and R²¹ are both —H; ♦

² is phenyl; ♦ and

is —C(═O)OR⁷ where R⁷ is —H or —CH₃; —C(═O)NH₂; or tetrazol-5-yl.
 18. Acompound according to claim 17 wherein R^(A) and R^(B) are both —CH₃; ♦R^(C) and R^(D) are both —H; ♦ Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —H; ♦and one of R¹ and R² is —H and the other is —F.
 19. A compound accordingto claim 18 wherein Y is ═C(R¹ _(a))— where R¹ _(a) is —F; ♦ and R¹ andR² are both —H.
 20. A compound according to claim 1 wherein

is —P(═O)(OH)NHR²⁵ (substituted phosphoramido); —S(═O)₂NHR²⁶ or—NHS(═O)₂R²⁶ (sulfonamido) where R²⁶ is —CH₃, —CF₃, or o-tolyl; or—C(═O)NHS(═O)₂R²⁵ (arylsulfonamido); where R²⁵ has the same meaning asdefined in claim
 1. 21. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R⁵ andR⁶ as taken together to form a moiety which is a member selected fromthe group consisting of partial Formulas (1.3.1), (1.3.11), (1.3.12),and (1.3.15):

where R²⁰, R²¹, R²³, and R²⁴ have the same meaning as defined inclaim
 1. 22. A compound according to claim 21 wherein R⁵ and R⁶ aretaken together to form a moiety which is a member selected from thegroup consisting of partial Formulas (2.1.1), (2.1.4) through (2.1.6),(2.1.11), and (2.1.16) through (2.1.20):

wherein the dashed line - - - - in partial Formulas (2.1.18), (2.1.19),and (2.1.20) represents double bond where no oxygen atom is attached tothe corresponding nitrogen atom, and represents a single bond where anoxygen atom is attached to said corresponding nitrogen atom.
 23. Acompound according to claim 1 wherein the

² moiety is cyclopentyl; cycloheptyl; cyclopentenyl; cyclohexenyl;cycloheptenyl; norbornanyl; norbornenyl; bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl;bicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl; bicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl; bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enyl;bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enyl; bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanyl; or adamantanyl.
 24. Acompound according to claim 1 wherein the moiety

¹ comprises a member selected from the group consisting of biphenyl;biphenylene; fluorene; 9H-carbazole; phenanthridine; phenanthrene;2,2′-bipyridine; iminodibenzyl; 2,2′-biquinoline; naphthalene;2-phenylnaphthalene; 1-phenylnaphthalene; diphenylmethane;1-phenylpiperadine; 1-phenylpiperazine; bibenzyl; azulene;4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-dipyridyl; 1-(diphenylmethyl)azetidine;4,5-diphenyloxazole; 2,5-diphenyloxazole; diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane anddiphenyl-4-pyridylmethane; 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine;1-benzylpiperazine; 1-benzylpiperidine; 2-benzylpyridine,3-benzylpyridine and 4-benzylpyridine; 4,5-diphenylimidazole;phenothiazine; phenoxazine; phenazine; 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene;2-phenylindene; 2-phenylindole; 4-phenylmorpholine;2-phenylbenzothiazole; 2-phenylbenzoxazole; and 2-phenylbenzimidazole.25. A compound according to claim 1 wherein said compound is a memberselected from the group consisting of the following:[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.1);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.2);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.3);(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.4);(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.5);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.6);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.7);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.8);(S)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.9);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.10);(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.11);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.12);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.13);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.14);(R)-2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.15);(R)-2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.16);(R)-N-[4-(1-Carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-2-(3-cyano-phenoxy)-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.17);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(1-carbamoyl-ethoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-5-fluoro-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.18);(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.19);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.20);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.21);(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.22);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.23);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(2-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-propoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.24);(S)-3-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.25);2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.26);2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.27);2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.28);[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.29);[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.30);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.31);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.32);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.33);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.34);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.35);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.36);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.37);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.38);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.39);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.40);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.41);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.42);[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.43);[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.44);[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.45);[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.46);[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.47);[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.48);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.49);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.50);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.); of Formula (5.5.51);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.52);(±)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-rarbonyl]-amino)-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.53);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.54);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.55);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.56);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyioxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.57);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.58);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.59);2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.60);2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.61);2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.62);2-[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino)-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.63);2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.64);2-Methyl-2-[4-({[2-(2-methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohexyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.65);[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.66);(±)-2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.67);(R)-2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.68);2-[5-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.69);2-[5-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.70);(R)-2-[5-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.71);[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.72);2-[8-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.73);(R)-2-[3-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.74);2-[3-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclopent-3-enyloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.75);5-({[2-(2-Methyl-2H-benzotriazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.76);2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-7-fluoro-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.77);(R)-2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-furan-2-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.78);(±)-2-[6-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-pyridin-3-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.79);[2-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-oxazol-5-yloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.80);2-[2-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-thiazol-5-yloxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.81);(±)-2-[5-(1-{[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.82);2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.83);2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.84);2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.85);2-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.86);2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.87);2-[4-({[2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.88);[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.89);(±)-2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-N-{4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-cyclohexylmethyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.90);(±)-2-(3-Cyano-phenoxy)-N-{4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-cyclohexylmethyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.91);(±)-N-{2-Fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.92);N-[2-Fluoro-4-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-benzyl]-2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.93);(±)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.94);(±)-N-{2-Fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-2-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.95);(±)-N-{2-Fluoro-4-[1-(5-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-2-(3-nitro-phenoxy)-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.96);[4-({[2-(Benzo[2,1,3]oxadiazol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.97);[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.98);[4-({[2-(4-Fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-cyclohex-3-enyloxy]-aceticacid of Formula (5.5.99);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Methoxy-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.100);(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.101);(R)-2-[3-Fluoro-4-({[5-fluoro-2-(3-methoxy-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.102);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Nitro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.103);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.104);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(3,4-Difluoro-phenoxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.105);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2.3-Dihydro-benzofuran-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.106);(R)-2-[4-({[2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-phenoxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.107);(S)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.108);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.109);(R)-3-[4-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-3-fluoro-phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.110);(S)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-[4-(2-carbamoyl-propoxy)-2-fluoro-benzyl]-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.111);(R)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-5-fluoro-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.112);(±)-2-(3-Methoxy-phenoxy)-N-{4-[1-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.113);2-[5-({[2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-amino}-methyl)-thiophen-2-yloxy]-propionicacid of Formula (5.5.114); and(±)-2-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)-N-{2-fluoro-4-[1-methyl-2-oxo-2-(4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-benzyl}-nicotinamideof Formula (5.5.115).
 26. A method of treating a subject suffering froma disease or condition mediated by the PDE4 isozyme in its role ofregulating the activation and degranulation of human eosinophils,comprising administering to said subject in need of said treatment atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (1.0.0) asdefined in claim
 1. 27. A pharmaceutical composition for use in treatinga subject suffering from a disease, disorder or condition mediated bythe PDE4 isozyme, whereby it regulates the activation and degranulationof eosinophils, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of Formula (1.0.0) as defined in claim 1 together with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore.
 28. A method according toclaim 26 wherein said disease, disorder, or condition comprises one ormore members selected from the group consisting of: asthma of whatevertype, etiology, or pathogenesis; or asthma that is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of atopic asthma; non-atopic asthma; allergicasthma; atopic, bronchial, IgE-mediated asthma; bronchial asthma;essential asthma; true asthma; intrinsic asthma caused bypathophysiologic disturbances; extrinsic asthma caused by environmentalfactors; essential asthma of unknown or inapparent cause; non-atopicasthma; bronchitis asthma; emphysematous asthma; exercise-inducedasthma; occupational asthma; infective asthma caused by bacterial,fungal, protozoal, or viral infection; non-allergic asthma; incipientasthma; wheezy infant syndrome; chronic or acute bronchoconstriction;chronic bronchitis; small airways obstruction; and emphysema;obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases of whatever type, etiology,or pathogenesis; or an obstructive or inflammatory airways disease thatis a member selected from the group consisting of asthma;pneumoconiosis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD); COPD that includes chronic bronchitis,pulmonary emphysema or dyspnea associated therewith; COPD that ischaracterized by irreversible, progressive airways obstruction; adultrespiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and exacerbation of airwayshyper-reactivity consequent to other drug therapy; pneumoconiosis ofwhatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or pneumoconiosis that is amember selected from the group consisting of aluminosis or bauxiteworkers' disease; anthracosis or miners' asthma; asbestosis orsteam-fitters' asthma; chalicosis or flint disease; ptilosis caused byinhaling the dust from ostrich feathers; siderosis caused by theinhalation of iron particles; silicosis or grinders' disease; byssinosisor cotton-dust asthma; and talc pneumoconiosis; bronchitis of whatevertype, etiology, or pathogenesis; or bronchitis that is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of acute bronchitis; acute laryngotrachealbronchitis; arachidic bronchitis; catarrhal bronchitis; croupusbronchitis; dry bronchitis; infectious asthmatic bronchitis; productivebronchitis; staphylococcus or streptococcal bronchitis; and vesicularbronchitis; bronchiectasis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis;or bronchiectasis that is a member selected from the group consisting ofcylindric bronchiectasis; sacculated bronchiectasis; fusiformbronchiectasis; capillary bronchiectasis; cystic bronchiectasis; drybronchiectasis; and follicular bronchiectasis; seasonal allergicrhinitis; or perennial allergic rhinitis; or sinusitis of whatever type,etiology, or pathogenesis; or sinusitis that is a member selected fromthe group consisting of purulent or nonpurulent sinusitis; acute orchronic sinusitis; and ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, or sphenoidsinusitis; rheumatoid arthritis of whatever type, etiology, orpathogenesis; or rheumatoid arthritis that is a member selected from thegroup consisting of acute arthritis; acute gouty arthritis; chronicinflammatory arthritis; degenerative arthritis; infectious arthritis;Lyme arthritis; proliferative arthritis; psoriatic arthritis; andvertebral arthritis; gout, and fever and pain associated withinflammation; an eosinophil-related disorder of whatever type, etiology,or pathogenesis; or an eosinophil-related disorder that is a memberselected from the group consisting of eosinophilia; pulmonaryinfiltration eosinophilia; Loffier's syndrome; chronic eosinophilicpneumonia; tropical pulmonary eosinophilia; bronchopneumonicaspergillosis; aspergilloma; granulomas containing eosinophils; allergicgranulomatous angiitis or Churg-Strauss syndrome; polyarteritis nodosa(PAN); and systemic necrotizing vasculitis; atopic dermatitis; orallergic dermatitis; or allergic or atopic eczema; urticaria of whatevertype, etiology, or pathogenesis; or urticaria that is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of immune-mediated urticaria;complement-mediated urticaria; urticariogenic material-inducedurticaria; physical agent-induced urticaria; stress- induced urticaria;idiopathic urticaria; acute urticaria; chronic urticaria; angioedema;cholinergic urticaria; cold urticaria in the autosomal dominant form orin the acquired form; contact urticaria; giant urticaria; and papularurticaria; conjunctivitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis;or conjunctivitis that is a member selected from the group consisting ofactinic conjunctivitis; acute catarrhal conjunctivitis; acute contagiousconjunctivitis; allergic conjunctivitis; atopic conjunctivitis; chroniccatarrhal conjunctivitis; purulent conjunctivitis; and vernalconjunctivitis; uveitis of whatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; oruveitis that is a member selected from the group consisting ofinflammation of all or part of the uvea; anterior uveitis; iritis;cyclitis; iridocyclitis; granulomatous uveitis; nongranulomatousuveitis; phacoantigenic uveitis; posterior uveitis; choroiditis; andchorioretinitis; psoriasis; multiple sclerosis of whatever type,etiology, or pathogenesis; or multiple sclerosis that is a memberselected from the group consisting of primary progressive multiplesclerosis; and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis;autoimmune/inflammatory diseases of whatever type, etiology, orpathogenesis; or an autoimmune/inflammatory disease that is a memberselected from the group consisting of autoimmune hematologicaldisorders; hemolytic anemia; aplastic anemia; pure red cell anemia;idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; systemic lupus erythematosus;polychondritis; scleroderma; Wegner's granulomatosis; dermatomyositis;chronic active hepatitis; myasthenia gravis; Stevens-Johnson syndrome;idiopathic sprue; autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases; ulcerativecolitis; Crohn's disease; endocrin opthamopathy; Grave's disease;sarcoidosis; alveolitis; chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis; primarybiliary cirrhosis; juvenile diabetes or diabetes mellitus type I;anterior uveitis; granulomatous or posterior uveitis;keratoconjunctivitis sicca; epidemic keratoconjunctivitis; diffuseinterstitial pulmonary fibrosis or interstitial lung fibrosis;idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; cystic fibrosis; psoriatic arthritis;glomerulonephritis with and without nephrotic syndrome; acuteglomerulonephritis; idiopathic nephrotic syndrome; minimal changenephropathy; inflammatory/hyperproliferative skin diseases; psoriasis;atopic dermatitis; contact dermatitis; allergic contact dermatitis;benign familial pemphigus; pemphigus erythematosus; pemphigus foliaceus;and pemphigus vulgaris; prevention of allogeneic graft rejectionfollowing organ transplantation; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ofwhatever type, etiology, or pathogenesis; or inflammatory bowel diseasethat is a member selected from the group consisting of ulcerativecolitis (UC); collagenous colitis; colitis polyposa; transmural colitis;and Crohn's disease (CD); septic shock of whatever type, etiology, orpathogenesis; or septic shock that is a member selected from the groupconsisting of renal failure; acute renal failure; cachexia; malarialcachexia; hypophysial cachexia; uremic cachexia; cardiac cachexia;cachexia suprarenalis or Addison's disease; cancerous cachexia; andcachexia as a consequence of infection by the human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV); liver injury; pulmonary hypertension; and hypoxia-inducedpulmonary hypertension; bone loss diseases; primary osteoporosis; andsecondary osteoporosis; central nervous system disorders of whatevertype, etiology, or pathogenesis; or a central nervous system disorderthat is a member selected from the group consisting of depression;Parkinson's disease; learning and memory impairment; tardive dyskinesia;drug dependence; arteriosclerotic dementia; and dementias that accompanyHuntington's chorea, Wilson's disease, paralysis agitans, and thalamicatrophies; infection, especially infection by viruses wherein suchviruses increase the production of TNF-α in their host, or wherein suchviruses are sensitive to upregulation of TNF-α in their host so thattheir replication or other vital activities are adversely impacted,including a virus which is a member selected from the group consistingof HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-3; cytomegalovirus, CMV; influenza;adenoviruses; and Herpes viruses, including Herpes zoster and Herpessimplex; yeast and fungus infections wherein said yeast and fungi aresensitive to upregulation by TNF-α or elicit TNF-α production in theirhost, when administered in conjunction with other drugs of choice forthe treatment of systemic yeast and fungus infections, including but notlimited to, polymixins, Polymycin B; imidazoles, clotrimazole,econazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole; triazoles, fluconazole anditranazole; and amphotericins, Amphotericin B and liposomal AmphotericinB; and ischemia-reperfusion injury; autoimmune diabetes; retinalautoimmunity; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; HIV infections; lupuserythematosus; kidney and ureter disease; urogenital andgastrointestinal disorders; and prostate diseases.
 29. A method oftreatment according to claim 28 wherein said disease, disorder, orcondition is a member selected from the group consisiting of (1)inflammatory diseases and conditions comprising: joint inflammation,rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis,inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, chronicglomerulonephritis, dermatitis, and Crohn's disease; (2) respiratorydiseases and conditions comprising: asthma, acute respiratory distresssyndrome, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, bronchitis, chronicobstructive airway disease, and silicosis; (3) infectious diseases andconditions comprising: sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gramnegative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, fever and myalgias due tobacterial, viral or fungal infection, and influenza; (4) immune diseasesand conditions comprising: autoimmune diabetes, systemic lupuserythematosis, graft vs. host reaction, allograft rejections, multiplesclerosis, psoriasis, and allergic rhinitis; and (5) other diseases andconditions comprising: bone resorption diseases; reperfusion injury;cachexia secondary to infection or malignancy; cachexia secondary tohuman acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) infection, or AIDS related complex (ARC); keloid formation;scar tissue formation; type 1 diabetes mellitus; and leukemia.
 30. Thecombination of a compound of Formula (1.0.0) as defined in claim 1together with one or more members selected from the group consisting ofthe following: (a) Leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors, 5-lipoxygenase(5-LO) inhibitors, and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP)antagonists selected from the group consisting of zileuton; ABT-761;fenleuton; tepoxalin; Abbott-79175; Abbott-85761;N-(5-substituted)-thiophene-2-alkylsulfonamides of Formula (5.2.8);2,6-di-tert-butylphenol hydrazones of Formula (5.2.10); Zeneca ZD-2138of Formula (5.2.11); SB-210661 of Formula (5.2.12);pyridinyl-substituted 2-cyanonaphthalene compound L-739,010;2-cyanoquinoline compound L-746,530; indole and quinoline compoundsMK-591, MK-886, and BAY x 1005; (b) Receptor antagonists forleukotrienes LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄ selected from the groupconsisting of phenothiazin-3-one compound L-651,392; amidino compoundCGS-25019c; benzoxazolamine compound ontazolast; benzenecarboximidamidecompound BIIL 284/260; compounds zafirlukast, ablukast, montelukast,praniukast, verlukast (MK-679), RG-12525, Ro-245913, iralukast (CGP45715A), and BAY x 7195; (c) PDE4 inhibitors and inhibitors of the PDE4isoform PDE4D; (d) 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors; and 5-lipoxygenaseactivating protein (FLAP) antagonists; (e) Dual inhibitors of5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and antagonists of platelet activating factor(PAF); (f) Leukotriene antagonists (LTRAs) of LTB₄, LTC₄, LTD₄, andLTE₄; (g) Antihistaminic H₂ receptor antagonists cetirizine, loratadine,desloratadine, fexofenadine, astemizole, azelastine, andchlorpheniramine; (h) Gastroprotective H₂ receptor antagonists; (i) α₁-and α₂-adrenoceptor agonist vasoconstrictor sympathomimetic agentsadministered orally or topically for decongestant use, selected from thegroup consisting of propylhexedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine,pseudoephedrine, naphazoline hydrochloride, oxymetazoline hydrochloride,tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride, xylometazoline hydrochloride, andethyinorepinephrine hydrochloride; (j) one or more α₁- andα₂-adrenoceptor agonists as recited in (i) above in combination with oneor more inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) as recited in (a) above; (k)Anticholinergic agents ipratropium bromide; tiotropium bromide;oxitropium bromide; pirenzepine; and telenzepine; (l) β₁- toβ₄-adrenoceptor agonists selected from the group consisting ofmetaproterenol, isoproterenol, isoprenaline, albuterol, salbutamol,formoterol, salmeterol, terbutaline, orciprenaline, bitolterol, andpirbuterol; (m) Theophylline and aminophylline; (n) Sodium cromoglycate;(o) Muscarinic receptor (M1, M2, and M3) antagonists; (p) COX-1inhibitors (NSAIDs); and nitric oxide NSAIDs; (q) COX-2 selectiveinhibitor rofecoxib; (r) Insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-1)mimetics; (s) Ciclesonide; (t) Inhaled glucocorticoids with reducedsystemic side effects selected from the group consisting of prednisone,prednisolone, flunisolide, triamcinolone acetonide, beclomethasonedipropionate, budesonide, fluticasone propionate, and mometasonefuroate; (u) Tryptase inhibitors; (v) Platelet activating factor (PAF)antagonists; (w) Monoclonal antibodies active against endogenousinflammatory entities; (x) IPL 576; (y) Anti-tumor necrosis factor(TNFα) agents selected from the group consisting of etanercept,infliximab, and D2E7; (z) DMARDs selected from the group consisting ofleflunomide; (aa) TCR peptides; (bb) Interleukin converting enzyme (ICE)inhibitors; (cc) IMPDH inhibitors; (dd) Adhesion molecule inhibitorsincluding VLA-4 antagonists; (ee) Cathepsins; (ff) MAP kinaseinhibitors; (gg) Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors; (hh)Kinin-B₁- and B₂-receptor antagonists; (ii) Gold in the form of anaurothio group in combination with hydrophilic groups; (jj)Immunosuppressive agents selected from the group consisting ofcyclosporine, azathioprine, and methotrexate; (kk) Anti-gout agentsselected from the group consisting of colchicine; (ll) Xanthine oxidaseinhibitors selected from the group consisting of allopurinol; (mm)Uricosuric agents selected from the group consisting of probenecid,sulfinpyrazone, and benzbromarone; (nn) Antineoplastic agents that areantimitotic drugs selected from the group consisting of vinblastine andvincristine; (oo) Growth hormone secretagogues; (pp) Inhibitors ofmatrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that are selected from the groupconsisting of the stromelysins, the collagenases, the gelatinases,aggrecanase, collagenase-1 (MMP-1), collagenase-2 (MMP-8), collagenase-3(MMP-13), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), stromelysin-2 (MMP-10), andstromelysin-3 (MMP-11); (qq) Transforming growth factor (TGFβ); (rr)Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF); (ss) Fibroblast growth factorselected from the group consisting of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF); (tt) Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF);(uu) Capsaicin; (vv) Tachykinin NK₁ and NK₃ receptor antagonistsselected from the group consisting of NKP-608C; SB-233412 (talnetant);and D-4418; (ww) Elastase inhibitors selected from the group consistingof UT-77 and ZD-0892; and (xx) Adenosine A2_(a) receptor agonists.